中世纪西欧三个等级的观念初探

在中世纪西欧,关于三个等级的观念是逐渐地形成的。开始时,出现了教会人士高于俗人的观念;以后,随着社会对战争,尤其是对异教的战争的需要的增加,武人的地位在俗人中突出起来,于是又出现了武人高于其他俗人的观念。这样,就最终形成了整个社会从高到低,依次由教会人士、武人和其他俗人这样三个等级构成的社会等级观念和社会分工观念。     

中俄两国早期工业化道路比较

19世纪50、60年代,在资本主义生产关系尚未占优势的情况下,俄中两国先后启动了工业化。至第一次世界大战前,俄国工业化成就斐然,成为世界五大工业强国之一,而中国工业化成效甚微,与俄国存在着巨大的差距。造成如此结局的原因也许有很多,但两国工业化道路的差异应是其中的重要因素。中国工业化以军事工业起步,俄国以纺织工业为先导;中国政府不扶植私人工业发展,对私人企业横加摧残盘剥,俄国积极扶植私人企业发展,且利用外资,官民并举;中国政府不重视铁路建设,俄国以铁路建设为龙头,带动其他各业发展;中国政治改革滞后,工业化与政治近代化脱节,俄国政治改革紧随其后,与工业化紧密相联,产生了良好的促进作用。     

建国初期陈云协调群众利益的理论与实践

新中国成立后,陈云从共产党取得执政地位以及由此引起的群众利益关系变化出发,对如何维护和协调群众利益作出了可贵的探索,从他在建国初的一系列论述和实践中至少可以概括出这样几点:保障群众的基本生活是协调群众利益的前提;依据群众的根本利益来制订方针政策是协调群众利益的核心;依据实际情况解决群众的具体问题是协调群众利益的重点;经济手段是协调群众利益的有效方法。陈云在这些探索中还形成了自己鲜明的特点,即宏观上的整体性和经济上的调控性。我们要充分挖掘陈云协调群众利益的理论与实践,为党在新形势下协调群众利益、提高执政能力服务。     

《天演论》版本时间考析两题

<天演论>研究取得一定成果,也存在问题,研究者多关注严译主张是什么,而探讨<天演论>在知识界的传播路径,鲜有涉及.笔者试图以考证见思想,探讨<天演论>早期本子及其在思想界的传播情况以及舆论界的反应.     

Neoliberalism and Suburban Employment: Western Sydney in the 1990s

During the past 15 years metropolitan planning strategies of the NSW state government have done little to address the spatial distribution of either employment or labour market equity within the metropolis. In the fast‐growing outer western suburbs, the government has focused on attracting business investment to increase the stock of local jobs and to improve employment ‘self‐sufficiency’— a dominantly neoliberal policy framework. This paper explores a widening gulf between the reality of outer urban change and this policy framework by considering changes in the location of jobs and in the employment experiences of residents in Greater Western Sydney (GWS). Evidence is drawn from census journey‐to‐work data (1991–2001). While holding a majority of manufacturing jobs in Sydney, GWS also experienced continued growth of jobs in service industries during the 1990s. Yet the relative importance of employment in the city's fast‐growth finance and business services sector still lags well behind that of inner and northern parts of the city. The focus on growing the regional stock of jobs has not addressed problems of labour market access faced by residents of particular localities and the goal of employment self‐sufficiency has not delivered greater equity to outer suburban labour markets. A focus on sufficiency of access to employment for residents of GWS draws attention not only to regional stocks of jobs but also to the provision of social infrastructure and state‐provided services to outer suburban populations as they continue to expand.     

Estimates of Historical Tree Densities in the North Lachlan River Catchment,New South Wales,Australia

Vegetation structure and composition during the pre‐ and early‐European period in Australia is often proposed as a benchmark against which to measure the effects of modern landscape management practices. However, little quantifiable information exists for that historical period. One potential source of information is the land survey record, used in this study to provide estimates of tree densities that existed during the period 1870 to 1900 in part of central New South Wales. Estimates were obtained for 23 parishes in the north Lachlan River valley, between the towns of Condobolin and Tottenham. Densities were calculated from portion corner to nearest tree data obtained from historical survey plans, using the plotless, closest individual method. Densities ranged from 6.0 to 31.4 trees per hectare for parishes with enough data points for reliable calculation. These figures would account for trees of a diameter large enough to be blazed with a survey mark. Any smaller trees would be additional and, although no quantitative data existed for this, qualitative evidence suggested that the figures obtained were more likely to be underestimates due to the presence of such small trees. The study area was predominantly covered by woodlands which varied in density across the landscape, in comparison to the modern landscape where much of the native vegetation has been cleared for agriculture. Although the tree density figures should be considered to be indicative rather than precise, they provide quantifiable historical figures for past conditions in an area where the historical record is otherwise sparse. Such information is valuable for interpreting ecological changes brought about by modern land management.     

试论卡莎湖文化

该文首次提出在川滇青藏民族走廊地区的古代石棺葬中存在着一种新的文化——卡莎湖文化,并对卡莎湖文化的主要特征、分期、年代、与其他文化的关系、族属等问题都进行了初步的讨论。     

西安袁家崖墓葬年代为西周说

以往研究均认为西安袁家崖墓葬的年代为商代晚期。本文通过对该墓随葬品年代特征、商文化因素出现背景等方面的分析,认为该墓的年代应为西周早期,并提出了一条区别关中地区商代与西周时期考古学遗存的断代标准。     

河南安阳市王古道村东周墓葬发掘报告

2004年8～9月,安阳市文物考古研究所配合安林高速公路建设工程,在安阳市王古道村发掘2座东周时期的贵族墓葬,出土一批青铜、玉器。从出土物特征分析并结合文献记载看,这2座墓的主人可能是春秋时期卫国的中小贵族或中下级的军事将领。它们的发现,填补了安阳地区东周考古的一个空白。     

Spatial inequality in children's schooling in Gansu,Western China: reality and challenges

China has experienced considerable economic growth following the economic reforms of 1978, while simultaneously facing dramatic increases in regional inequality. China is becoming a polarized society—a phenomenon that is at the heart of a multitude of serious problems that are threatening sustainable development, as well as social cohesion within the country. Among the key reasons for this polarization are the quality of and accessibility to basic education for children. Since the establishment of the law for nine‐year compulsory education in 1986, children's education has progressed remarkably in most parts of China. It has, however, remained persistently problematic in the western provinces, particularly in remote regions, rural areas and minority communities. Even though some studies on child education in China have been carried out, very little existing research examines spatial inequality in children's schooling or accounts for the importance of sociocultural and geographic contexts. Using the example of Gansu, one of the poorest provinces in Western China, our research emphasizes the two main aspects that have led to high nonschooling rates for children: an unfavourable sociocultural milieu and inadequate educational resources.