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雅典外邦人的社会地位与历史作用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
作为一个主要由外来移民所组成的社会阶层,外邦人(Metics)是解读雅典城邦社会形态的重要载体.古典时代,雅典的开放和繁荣吸引了大批的外邦人.由于雅典公民的重农轻商意识和对政治权利的垄断,外邦人不能从事农业生产与政治活动,但是在雅典的工商业与文化领域外邦人拥有相对自由的发展空间.雅典外邦人以其独特的社会地位为雅典城邦的繁荣和稳定发挥了不可或缺的特殊历史作用. 相似文献
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DOUGLAS JAMES 《Parliamentary History》2012,31(2):169-189
Divorce by parliament in the 18th and early 19th centuries was long considered to be the preserve of the wealthy and the upper ranks of society. But while social standing has guided historians' analysis of those who obtained divorce, the standing of those who failed to obtain divorce has been largely overlooked. If rank or status is to serve true analytical purpose, the successful must be set against the failed. Juxtaposing the successes and failures by group across the period reveals that the upper echelons of society were by no means preferred. Even distinctive cases – for instance of multiple failure – were not decided on rank. Status is ultimately shown to be of limited significance. Although the sources are not at all explicit, from the analysis of certain specific cases, it would appear that moral and legal judgments (for example, on collusion) far outweighed any social prejudices. 相似文献
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As the biggest tax payer in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties, Suzhou was the most prominent center to provide tax, money and grain for the country. It was known for its commodity production of silk, cotton, and printed materials. Suzhou’s wood manufacturing and processing industry were also unrivaled. Meanwhile, Suzhou was famous for jade carvings, embroidery, mounting, lacquer, musical instruments and other processing industries of copper, iron, gold, silver, etc. As a world-famous center of commodity production and processing, Suzhou exported the local commodities and imported various kinds of raw materials. Suzhou was also a transportation center in China, transporting goods and materials across the country and balancing the market. Financial institutions such as banks and exchange shops were established in Suzhou as well, where the circulation of silver and copper coins was voluminous and the use of foreign silver coins started early. With advanced financial settlement methods, Suzhou absorbed the capital from towns and cities nearby, profited from high cash turnover, and became a highly developed financial center. As far as the economic aggregate, commodity production and circulation were concerned, Suzhou was a far more advanced urban center than Hangzhou which was another industrial and financial city. 相似文献
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慈溪潮塘江元代沉船是慈溪地区迄今发现并经科学发掘的第一艘古代沉船,船体结构保存较为完整,现存10道隔舱壁板。通过14C测年进一步确认沉船所属时代为元代(1271年—1368年)。在沉船船体70个监测点位采集样品,从树种类型、木材化学组分、硫铁元素含量以及微生物病害种类等多个角度开展检测研究,全面调查分析沉船病害情况。结果表明,慈溪潮塘江元代沉船木材样品整体保存状态较好,由于长期处于内河道埋藏环境,木材处于饱水状态,最大含水率主要集中分布于185%~400%之间,局部区域呈现变色、变形、扭曲、开裂现象,木材化学组分呈现低综纤维素、高灰分的特点,含有少量硫铁元素,属于中度腐蚀状态,亟待开展盐分脱除与填充加固等船体保护工作。 相似文献
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气候是旅游发展的重要因子。近年来,局部地区恶劣气候频繁出现,旅游业发展受到影响。总结国内外旅游气候研究进展,国外研究主要集中于旅游目的地气候条件对旅游业发展、旅游者行为的影响和人类旅游活动对气候的现实和潜在的影响;国内研究则集中在气候旅游资源和旅游地气候舒适度两方面。总的看来,国内外旅游气候研究的中心议题都围绕着气候是旅游业的影响要素,主要贡献有气候是包括自然旅游资源在内的资源形成背景;特殊的气象景观和优良的气候条件是旅游地重要吸引物,进而影响到旅游者决策行为,因此气候调查和分析应视为旅游规划的前提。 相似文献
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“夫随妻居”、已婚女性长住本家以及夫亡以后归宗,是唐代社会一种颇为流行的居住习俗。从民俗学和性别文化的视角来分析和考察不难看出,唐代社会所流行的这种居住习俗,应是女性人身较自由、女性权益得到一定保障以及女性在家庭生活中拥有较高地位的具体表现。 相似文献
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随着现代社会高新技术的不断发展和改革,信息技术的更新与进步都在发生翻天覆地的变化,信息技术课程作为信息技术教学的重要组成部分,发挥着举足轻重的作用,本文针对信忠技术教学的最新需求,分析了信息技术教学的现状,并提出了一些改革建议。 相似文献
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《Journal of Medieval History》2012,38(5):597-617
ABSTRACTStudies of medieval social mobility have tended to focus upon the success of socially ambitious, generally male, careerists. Alongside this tendency to use social mobility as a synonym for upward mobility has been a tradition of assigning the most agency in creating economic change to ambitious entrepreneurs. This article redresses these imbalances by exploring status anxiety and the fear of downward mobility in late medieval England. Using the surviving letter collections of the fifteenth century together with medieval literature, this article explores not only the importance of gender and the life cycle in shaping these fears but also the subtle distinctions between status anxiety, which often accompanied positions of authority, and a fear of imminent social decline, generally precipitated by financial difficulties. Through a reconsideration of demesne lessees and fraternities and guilds, it also shows how such anxieties and fears could affect both rural and urban economic developments. 相似文献