Comparison of celadon from the Yaozhou and Xicun kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty of China by X-ray fluorescence and microscopy

The Xicun kiln is a typical kiln for firing porcelains for export, including celadon, which imitates the products of the Yaozhou kilns. In this paper, 10 pieces of celadon from the Xicun kiln and 8 celadon samples from the Yaozhou kiln were analysed in situ non-destructively by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence microprobe and optical microscopy. The results indicated that the body of the Xicun celadon contained less TFe₂O₃, Cr, Sr and Zr, and more K₂O and Rb than that of the Yaozhou celadon. Also, the glaze of the Xicun celadon contained lower quantities of Sr and higher Rb; thus, these elements could be employed as relevant markers for the non-destructive discrimination of the provenance of Xicun celadon. In addition, the thicker glaze, the numerous bubbles, and the existence of the middle layer could be used as auxiliary indicators for a micro-structural distinction between samples from the Yaozhou kiln and those originating from Xicun.     

Roman traces in Germania magna: New thermoluminescence and pIRIR290 data from a lime kiln at Bergisch Gladbach,Germany

The applicability of a post‐infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIRIR₂₉₀) protocol and two different thermoluminescence (TL) protocols—a single aliquot regeneration (SAR) and a multiple aliquot additive dose (MAAD)—was tested on six polymineral fine‐grain (4–11 μm) samples extracted from the wall remains of a Roman lime kiln and a Roman roof tile. These remains had been excavated close to Bergisch Gladbach, which was at that time part of Germania magna. For the pIRIR₂₉₀ measurements, no dependence of D_e on first‐stimulation temperature was detectable, and the standard first stimulation temperature at 50°C was adopted. Fading tests and dose‐recovery tests were made for all samples. Background subtracted glow curves were recorded up to 480°C for TL after a preheat of 220°C for 120 s. A‐values were determined for all TL and pIRIR measurements. The results for all three protocols were fairly consistent, and TL and pIRIR₂₉₀ protocols are shown to be suitable to estimate reliable equivalent doses for the fired kiln walls. The resulting ages are in agreement with the expected time range—Roman Iron Age—and with independent age control provided by radiocarbon ages of animal bones and charcoal from the firing chamber.     

明北京营建烧造丛考之一——烧造地域的空间变化和烧办方式变迁

有明一代的北京营建,曾征办了巨量的砖、瓦、琉璃等烧造物料,其规模之大,历代罕匹。在明代北京营建中,其前后烧造地域的空间变化、烧办方式变迁等诸问题非常值得探讨。明代中期以来社会经济的发展及纳银代役制度的变化,导致了烧办方式的变迁,而烧办方式的变迁,则直接影响到烧办地域范围的调整。     

中国古代青瓷中心产区早期龙窑研究

中国古代青瓷中心产区早期龙窑及其产品遵循的是一种经济型原则。本文通过解析龙窑的各个结构,认为在长达1500年以上烧制原始瓷的实践中,窑工对于龙窑技术的认识和改革是逐步的,其动因在于提高产量而非质量,节约成本并追求利润最大化。从宏观上看由于不停地改革窑炉及其相关技术,使得龙窑技术越来越趋向成熟。龙窑的渐趋成熟,在烧制原始瓷及其向早期越窑青瓷发展的这些过程中起着至为关键的作用。     

耀州窑青瓷白色中间层和化妆土的EDXRF光谱分析

为探讨我国北方著名窑场之一的耀州窑唐、五代时期青瓷胎釉化妆土与北宋时期之间白色中间层的区别,利用具有电子探针微区分析功能的能量色散X射线光谱仪测试。结果表明,北宋时期青瓷的中间层和唐、五代的化妆土在化学组成上存在着一些差异。白色中间层中不仅铁的含量比胎釉都低,CaO和K_2O的含量则高于胎,而靠近釉;而化妆土的化学组成除了Fe_2O_3含量较低外,其它化学组成十分接近瓷胎;中间层和化妆土相比,Fe_2O_3的含量更低一些。     

长沙窑乳浊釉制瓷技术的科技研究

长沙窑是中国唐代著名外销窑口,早期烧制青釉产品、后期发展到烧制青釉彩瓷和乳浊釉彩瓷,成为当时中外文化交流阶段性总结的集大成者。而长沙窑广泛使用的乳浊釉,特别是乳浊白釉为其彩绘提供了重要的釉层,是长沙窑彩瓷能够大放光彩的基础之一。鉴于此,为研究长沙窑乳浊釉制瓷技术,以铜官窑遗址和黄泗浦遗址出土的长沙窑瓷片为研究对象,利用光学显微镜、能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和分光光度计等多种仪器,对长沙窑胎体和釉层进行了测试,着重探讨和揭示了长沙窑乳浊釉瓷的胎体原料、釉层乳浊机理、釉层原料以及兴起原因,为全面认识长沙窑乳浊釉瓷的制釉技术来源和科技内涵提供科学依据。     

德清小马山窑址清理简报

浙江德清县乾元镇小马山窑址以烧制青釉瓷器为主,也生产少量黑釉瓷器,是德清窑的重要窑址之一。本文为自20世纪50年代德清窑概念提出以来的首篇较为科学的调查清理简报。     

河南安阳灵芝窑出土瓷器的分析研究

本工作利用能量色散X-射线荧光光谱、体视及岩相显微镜、高温电子膨胀仪等实验方法,对灵芝窑有代表性的黑瓷、青瓷、白瓷等作了系统的分析测试。分析结果表明,灵芝窑不同种类的瓷器,在胎釉的化学组成、显微结构、烧制温度上等方面都存在一定的差异,由此推断,不同瓷器可能采用不同的原料及其加工工艺。     

河南宝丰清凉寺汝官窑遗址本体加固保护试验研究

为了对河南宝丰清凉寺汝官窑遗址本体进行有效保护,针对病害的定性分析原因,类比筛选了国内外相关试验研究成果。保护设计从加固材料的特性、试样制取、加固方法、固化环境、试验室老化试验及现场试验等方面对加固材料的保护效果进行了系统研究。试验研究结果表明,MH具有较好的保护效果,适宜于汝官窑遗址的保护。所设计的试验方法,有助于制定土遗址化学渗透加固保护统一的试验方法和评定指标,并增强试验成果的可比性。     

汝州东沟窑金元时期青瓷与钧瓷原料和工艺特征的比较研究

金元时期在豫西中部地区多个窑址同时生产青瓷和钧瓷,发掘于2005年的汝州东沟窑遗址即是该类窑址典型代表之一。为系统了解东沟窑青瓷和钧瓷的胎釉元素组成特征和工艺特点、揭示两类瓷器各自随时代变化的规律,本项研究采用EDXRF和OM对东沟窑遗址出土且地层明确的43件金、元时期青瓷与钧瓷标本胎、釉化学组成和工艺性能进行测试分析,探讨了胎、釉的原料配比、釉层厚度和胎釉反应层厚度等工艺特征随时代和标本类型的变化规律。研究结果表明:东沟窑同时期青瓷和钧瓷胎体元素组成较接近,而两者釉的元素组成差异明显,金元钧瓷釉的SiO2/Al2O3摩尔比值都明显高于同时代青瓷的相应比值,呈现钧瓷釉典型的高硅低铝组成特征。从金代到元代,东沟窑青瓷和钧瓷釉都呈现从钙釉向钙-碱釉的转变。本项研究还观察到金元钧瓷的釉层和反应层厚度均高于同时代的青瓷;而从金过渡到元,两类瓷片的釉层和反应层厚度均趋厚。本项研究对揭示金元时期豫西中部地区青瓷和钧瓷间的传承和演化关系提供了有意义的科技数据。