法律规制网络匿名表达的基本原则

网络匿名表达需要法律规制,而法律在对网络匿名表达进行规制时,应当遵循社会公共利益原则,限制网络匿名表达权要严格遵守既定程序的原则,政府要制定必要的救助原则,以防止行政权力对网络匿名表达限制过度。     

两德经济发展的成败摭议

东德是由于经济的失败才最终不得不自愿被西德接管,这个失败虽然系多种因素导致,但根本还在于经济体制。可是,计划体制本身还不是最终根源所在,问题的关键在于脱离经济规律地计划和将经济问题政治化。西德市场经济体制中也有不少计划经济的成分,但由于按照经济规律办事,没有过度将经济问题政治化,因而表现出坚强的生命力。     

中国书画鉴定学学科思考

中国书画鉴定自魏晋至当代,已走过1000多年历程。古代书画鉴定家的鉴定思想与今天中国书画鉴定家的鉴定思想之间,是一种互为衔接、承上启下的关系。但对中国书画鉴定方法论的研究,不是今天中国书画鉴定学的本体确立。作为一门学科,在理论形态上应该有自己的规范性,它所涉及到的基本要领、范畴应有明确的界定,它的基本原理应当有深入系统的阐述。作为一门应用理论性学科,书画鉴定的理论与方法,要具体地应用于书画鉴定实践。它的理论,应该具有很强的可操作性,切实管用是衡量其理论价值的主要标尺。     

关于我国博物馆学研究及其学科建设的思考

博物馆学是一门研究和指导博物馆事业发展与博物馆实践的学科。博物馆学学科的进步有赖于博物馆实践的发展和博物馆学研究的进步。为了提高我国博物馆学研究的水平和促进我国博物馆学科的进步,我国博物馆学研究必须理论联系实际,重视对我国博物馆事业发展与博物馆实践中出现的新情况和新问题的研究。这不仅是我国博物馆学研究的使命和任务,也是我国博物馆学得以保持生命力以及促进我国博物馆学学科进步的关键所在。     

旅游管理教育与学科建设的国际经验与我国问题及发展设想--以上海财经大学发展目标与特色为例

旅游业已发展成为世界最大产业,发达国家的旅游管理教育与学科发展也有100多年历史。本文以世界著名高等学校旅游管理教育与学科建设的国际经验为参照,以我国旅游业发展对旅游管理教育与学科建设的需要为导向,依据上海财经大学将努力创建成具有“现代化、国际化、信息化”特色的一流大学的目标,提出了上海财经大学旅游管理教育与学科发展的设想。由于上海财经大学是上海市第一个设立旅游管理博士点的院校,因此,这一设想对我国旅游高等教育的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

List of figures and acknowledgements

Historians have mainly taken notice of Lombard pawnbrokers who, being omnipresent in legal sources, became the late medieval usurers par excellence. An account of a royal commission against usury lists 520 fines levied between 1400 and 1404 against 491 usurers in northern France; they include Lombards and other public pawnbrokers, as well as secret or casual French creditors. On examining the lists of names and of fines, one finds that native, secret moneylenders occupied important positions in the commercial centres and in the surrounding countryside. Some French usurers, of high standing, made use of their position to challenge the Lombard companies, even though the need for secrecy made them work alone and avoid more formal organisation. In addition, there existed a mass of modest usurers without special social standing, who were attracted by the prospect of easy profit. Partly because of a lessening in persecution and partly through assimilation, the casual French usurer began to occupy the position once held by the Lombards, whose services were rendered less vital by new financial methods.     

学科共识、认知美德和学者角色——化解历史知识客观性问题的新思路

通常而言,客观性是客体的属性和特征,与主观性相对立。以此为对照,历史知识的客观性问题就展现为历史实在论与历史相对主义之间的辩难,难分仲伯。换一种思路而言,当代新实用主义历史哲学家则认为客观性与主观性是可区分但不可分离的整体,在横向结构上,历史知识的客观性是"自我、他者与世界"共在的语义三角,在纵向历程上,历史知识的客观性也是一个不断辩证发展的过程。在社会认识论或史学社会学的视野下,在自我与他者所组成的学术共同体之中,历史知识的客观性就具有了规范性的涵义。历史知识作为一种公共性的知识,历史知识的客观性就是历史学家群体之间所签订的"真之契约",是历史学家群体不断协商和试错出来的学科共识,同时也需要史家的认知美德和学者角色提供担保。     

文博考古学科类属关系梳理

目前,在教育部学科分类体系和国家标准学科分类标准中,文博考古学科类属关系不统一。文物学始终没有获得科学界正式承认,给高校学科建设造成一定影响;考古学新升为一级学科,意味着"考古学与博物馆学"研究生专业名称面临调整,由此将出现"文化遗产与博物馆学"的二级学科;而将本科专业名称"博物馆学"改为"文物与博物馆学",又将使其与"文化遗产"学科分类不相同步。因此,文博考古学科类属关系需要统一,相关的专业名称与学科名称也应该一致。     

Editorial: Anatomy of a publication. the Journal of Archaeological Science, the first nine years

The structure of this journal during the first 9 years of its publication is examined. Sub-disciplinary composition indicates a predominance of zoological, botanical and materials papers. Scientific approach is difficult to evaluate but is predominantly inductive. Contributions from the U.K. exceed those from other countries, though articles from elsewhere, especially the U.S.A., have increased through time. The location of research sites shows a similar distribution. Multiple authorship is shown to be high in comparison with some sciences. Articles have become longer and fewer during the life of the journal. Discussion is directed towards the requirements of the journal readership.     

'Not Enough Food and Too Many Military Police’: Discipline,Food, and the 23rd Reserve Battalion July – September 1917

This paper seeks to explain the underlying causes of a mutiny that the Canadian artist A.Y. Jackson took part in while stationed in the English village of Shoreham-by-Sea and serving with the 23rd Reserve Battalion. The battalion was filled with convalescents who, having been wounded at the front, were on their way back to France after a stay in ‘blighty.’ The men of the battalion lived in a world of harsh discipline, rigorous physical training and poor-quality rations. Moreover, those who commanded them tended to be ‘shirkers’ –– at least in the eyes of the men of the battalion –– who had avoided going to France, choosing instead to remain in England. A sense of the unfairness of it all pervades the reminiscences of Jackson and other members of the battalion. Officially, the ‘mutiny’ never took place, and the whole incident was swept under the rug after a few high ranking Generals and dignitaries were called in to tour the mess facilities.