CAN THERE BE A BOURDIEUSIAN THEORY OF CRISIS? ON HISTORICAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL THEORY

Philip Gorski's edited book engages the question of how Bourdieu's concepts can aid historical analysis, and in particular, account for change as well as reproduction. From a fascinating set of papers, this review essay takes special notice of two that theorize crisis. One, by Ivan Ermakoff, engages the question of whether disruption creates the opportunity for more conscious calculation on the part of actors; a second, by Gisele Sapiro, considers how a crisis reverberates through a specific field. This leads to further reflection on Bourdieu's work on power and the state, as well as a call for crisis hermeneutics in social theory.     

THE LIVING PAST

It is argued that although this book will be of interest to any scholar interested in Croce, Gentile, or de Ruggiero, it will be of particular interest to those interested in R. G. Collingwood, for the ultimate focus of the book is upon Collingwood's philosophy and how it developed in relation to the work of the Italian idealists. This is a subject that has not previously been investigated in any depth. Peters argues that the basic idea that unites all four philosophers is that “the past is not dead, but living”; but what distinguishes Collingwood's philosophy from the Italians' is the idea, and its justification, that “the past can live on even if we are not aware of it.” Collingwood explored and developed this idea in reaction to the “presentism” of the Italians, a position that is most obvious in the philosophy of Gentile but that is also to be found, albeit less obviously, in the philosophies of Croce and de Ruggiero. Without casting doubt upon the influence of the Italian idealists on Collingwood, it is suggested in this review that, as well as explaining that influence, Peters's book also throws Collingwood's similarities with Oakeshott into relief; by contrast with Collingwood, there is no evidence that Oakeshott ever read the Italian idealists.     

From ethnic cleansing to affirmative action: exploring Poland's struggle with its Ukrainian minority (1944–89)*

ABSTRACT. The ambivalent attitude of Poland's communist leadership towards Poland's minorities – on the one hand violent and severely repressive, while on the other hand allowing for controlled liberties and offering protection – is the main focus of this article. In the mid‐1940s, Poland's new communist leadership proceeded to expel and deport millions of Germans, Lithuanians, Belarusians and Ukrainians from their native territories. A decade later, the communist government adopted a policy that aimed at the reduction of discrimination and the creation of equal social and economic opportunities for the country's residual minority populations. This article explores the background of the wavering communist nationalities policies by focusing on Poland's Ukrainians. It demonstrates how the seemingly contradictory policies of ethnic cleansing and affirmative action were prompted by the same underlying political motivations.     

博物馆与青少年教育

教育是博物馆的职能之一。博物馆在青少年教育方面具有独特优势。我国博物馆界在青少年教育方面发挥了重大作用,但总体还处于探索阶段和不平衡状态,在以人为本、网络宣传、志愿者组织及经费投入等方面还存在诸多不足,需要从完善服务、因人施教、鼓励参与、创新陈列展览、发展网络教育、拓宽资金来源渠道等方面着力加强与完善新时期博物馆的青少年教育职能。     

人与地之纠葛:鄂伦春社会中的地域意识行为和功能

就人类学意义的文化而言,人与地、地域与文化、特定族群与其繁衍、生息的土地,存在着从物质文化、社会组织到精神信仰等千丝万缕的纠葛。由此形成的地域意识行为,发挥着构建和维护社会的重要功能。将地域意识行为与小民族的生存、发展联系起来考察,从地域意识行为作为民族物质、精神资源,民族自我认同,社会体系调整的重要作用作为路径分析,测度影响小民族生存状况的因素及社会健康水平,会带给我们一定的认识启迪。世代生活在我国东北大、小兴安岭森林地区,以传统狩猎文化为特征的鄂伦春社会生活中的地域意识行为,具有典型意义。对此,本文提炼的探讨方向是:地域意识行为与物质、精神资源;地域意识行为与社会功能;地域意识行为与当前鄂伦春社会。并通过历史追溯与现实归纳,提出鄂伦春族地域意识行为处于转型过程的观点。     

宋代的监察机制

宋代是我国监察史上的转型时期,形成了一些重要的机制.主要有以下内容:一是重点监察官长,尤其各级首脑,发挥监察的警示效应;二是突现垂直监察,提高监察权威,充分发挥效能;三是强化外在监察,阻隔监察主体与客体的干系,免受客体控制,增强监察独立性;四是加强反察制约,形成网络体系,迫使监察主体依法监察,并处在临察应战的状态.这些机制既是宋代监察制度的内在规定,也是宋代监察实践的突出表现,反映出宋代监察的本质和规律.     

Cooperation without Trust: Overcoming Collective Action Barriers to Endangered Species Protection

Mutual trust among individuals is frequently cited as an important factor in encouraging collective action, particularly in environmental policy settings. Yet the precise role of trust in the collective action process remains uncertain. This article explores the hypothesis that trust is overrated as a cause of cooperation. It initially tests this hypothesis through two case studies of voluntary collective action in a new context: the creation of multiactor Habitat Conservation Plans to protect endangered species. The two cases suggest that institutional mechanisms and political leadership can play an important role in encouraging collective action without relying on trust among cooperators. Besides their theoretical implications, the results suggest policymakers might spend more energy on creating incentives and assurance mechanisms to encourage collaboration, rather than the potentially fruitless task of building of social capital among rival stakeholders.     

论分形与旅游景观

本文运用分形理论论述了旅游景观构成要素的自相似性质,指出人类旅游行为本质上是为了摄取地理信息,而分形体是有效的信息之源,能使游人产生负熵的感受(即美感)。历史的混沌过程与地貌的分形构造形成了非富的旅游资源。借助分形学原理,依据有序与无序对立统一的原则设计旅游景观,必将使旅游资源得以合理地开发和充分地利用。     

日本对东亚直接投资"雁行模式"再思考

20世纪80年代以来日本在东亚地区进行大规模的直接投资,执意要确立梦寐以求的、以日本为领头雁,带动亚洲NIES,由ASEAN和中国作为后盾的“雁行模式”。这种三位一体的投资地区分布和产生结构的梯度转移,虽然在短期内有利于日本在亚洲乃至世界保持经济、技术上的优势,有助于东亚经济的高速增长,但从长期效应来看,由于“雁行模式”所具有的致命缺陷,对东亚等发展中东道国乃至日本本国经济发展以及产业结构的高度化将带来深刻的负面效应。     

张自忠与临沂战役

抗日战争初期,张自忠率第59军两次驰援临沂战场,击溃日军板垣师团,为台儿庄会战的胜利创造了先决条件。张自忠不同寻常的用兵之道,充分显示出他过人的胆略和卓越的指挥才能。