考古学文化的传播与迁徙

文化传播和迁徙是导致考古学文化变迁的重要因素.我们既要审慎地对待考古学文化传播与迁徙的复杂状况,对具体问题作出具体的分析;又要从大量存在的文化传播和迁徙的历史事实中尽可能总结出一些普遍性和规律性的模式,并不断丰富和完善这些模式.     

Making waves: The Royal Navy's management of invention and innovation in steam shipping, 1815–1832 1

Abstract

This paper explores the sources of invention and innovation in steam shipping, the distribution of funding and risk between the state and the private sector, and the Royal Navy's management of innovation, during the experimental period of steam power's adoption at sea. It identifies two intersecting channels through which steam‐related innovations reached the Royal Navy. First, “packages” of innovations were embedded in the marine engines that were commissioned by the Navy from private engine‐making firms. Secondly, the Navy was spontaneously offered a gamut of ideas and inventions, which varied enormously both in potential importance and in degree of development. Although the mechanisms for dealing with these two channels were different, the end result was much the same ‐ in minimizing both the expense and the risk borne by the public sector. It was principally the private sector that was funding scientific and technological development in this sphere. Recognizing its own lack of expertise and consequent hazard, the Navy Board was developing a systematic yet flexible method of assessing steam‐related inventions ‐ which appears to have served it well.     

INTERNET EST-IL SOLUBLE DANS L'ESPACE? RÉFLEXIONS SUR LA DIFFUSION DU WEB EN FRANCE

Cet article analyse les grands traits de la diffusion spatiale du Web en France et montre la nécessité et les possibilités d'aborder spatialement Internet en dépit de nombreux problèmes techniques. L'analyse se base sur la cartographie de 7000 sites en avril 1997 et met en évidence une assez bonne ressemblance d'ensemble avec la hiérarchie urbaine. Mais le milieu rural montre aussi de fortes différenciations et en particulier des concentrations dans la partie méridionale du pays: les sites touristiques et de produits de terroir les expliquent largement.
This article analyses the main features of the spatial diffusion of the Web in France. It argues that it is necessary and possible to approach the Internet from a spatial point of view, in spite of the many technical problems this presents. The analysis is based on the cartography of 7000 sites in April 1997 and shows a good correspondence to the urban hierarchy. But rural space also shows strong differentiations, particularly some concentrations in the meridional part of the country: these are explained largely by tourist sites and products of the soil.     

百年来国际组织机构地理位置的时空演化:集聚模式与影响因素

国际组织机构在构建国家软实力、拓展国家利益、塑造全球治理机制具有不可替代的战略意义.论文基于国际协会联盟数据,运用矢量数据符号法和负二项回归模型对1918年至2017年成立的26457个国际组织机构地理位置的时空演化规律进行深入研究,主要结论如下:①百年来国际组织机构累计数量呈几何数量级增长了1200倍,整体呈缓慢上升...     

De-centring the European union: policy diffusion among European regional organizations – a comment

Abstract

This article comments on the special issue from a political science perspective. It starts with an attempt at interpreting the contributions from a diffusion perspective. The articles show a sophisticated understanding of diffusion as “interdependent decision-making”, that is multi- rather than uni-directional, focuses on diffusion as a process (not an outcome), and takes a decidedly agency-centered view. The article then highlights some of the empirical findings in this special issue. This concerns, among others, the crucial role of the Council of Europe (CoE) as a laboratory for generating new policy ideas and an agenda-setter, as well as the equally important function of the various parliamentary assemblies as mechanisms by which policy ideas diffuse. At the same time, there is also a power story in this special issue. The EC ultimately dominates the processes in most policy areas. The article concludes with remarks on the fruitfulness of an interdisciplinary dialogue between historians and social scientists as documented by this special issue.     

史前蒙古人种海洋扩散研究——岭南树皮布文化发现及其意义

在人类衣服历史上,发源于中国的纺织丝布和楮树皮的无纺布,同样是具有世界性影响的重大发明。树皮布技术自南中国南向经中南半岛,席卷东南亚岛屿后,从海路上跨过太平洋岛屿进入中美洲。树皮布在中美洲更广泛被用作纸,具有记载文字的功能,对中美洲的历史影响至为深钜。     

A vector of high‐temperature paleo‐fluid flow deduced from mass transfer across permeability barriers (quartz veins)

Quartz veins acted as impermeable barriers to regional fluid flow and not as fluid‐flow conduits in Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Mt Painter Block, South Australia. Systematically distributed asymmetric alteration selvedges consisting of a muscovite‐rich zone paired with a biotite‐rich zone are centered on quartz veins in quartz–muscovite–biotite schist. Geometric analysis of the orientation and facing of 126 veins at Nooldoonooldoona Waterhole reveals a single direction along which a maximum of all veins have a muscovite‐rich side, irrespective of their specific individual orientation. This direction represents a Mesoproterozoic fluid‐flow vector and the veins represent permeability barriers to the flow. The pale muscovite‐rich zones formed on the downstream side of the vein and the dark biotite‐rich zones mark the upstream side. The alteration couplets formed from mica schist at constant Zr, Ga, Sc, and involved increases in Si, Na, Al and decreases in K, Fe, Mg for pale alteration zones, and inverse alteration within dark zones. The asymmetry of the alteration couplets is best explained by the pressure dependence of mineral–fluid equilibria. These equilibria, in combination with a Darcian flow model for coupled advection and diffusion, and with permeability barriers imposed by the quartz veins, simulate the pattern of both fluid flow and differential, asymmetric metasomatism. The determined vector of fluid flow lies along the regional foliation and is consistent with the known distribution of regional alteration products. The presence of asymmetric alteration zones in rock containing abundant pre‐alteration veins suggests that vein‐rich material may have generally retarded regional fluid flow.