Rapid Na, Cu exchange between synthetic fluid inclusions and external aqueous solutions: evidence from LA-ICP-MS analysis

Three sets of equilibration experiments (Set 1 to Set 3) were performed in cold-seal pressure vessels to investigate the compositional modification of quartz-hosted fluid inclusions after entrapment. Each set of experiment consisted of two stages. In a pre-run, fluid inclusions containing 5–10 wt% NaCl and selected trace elements were synthesized at 700°C/140–200 MPa. These samples were then loaded into new capsules together with Cu-bearing solutions and some mineral buffers, and re-equilibrated at 600–800°C and 70–140 MPa for 6–8 days. LA-ICP-MS analysis of individual fluid inclusions reveals that in re-equilibration experiments in which the outer fluid was composed of KCl (±FeCl₂) up to 83% of the original Na content of pre-existing fluid inclusions were lost, and up to 5660 ppm Cu were gained. Other elements with larger ionic radii (i.e. K, Fe, Ba, Sr) were not exchanged, demonstrating that the inclusions remained physically intact and that Na and Cu were transported through quartz by diffusion. The observed Na loss from pre-existing fluid inclusions correlates positively with Cu gain, with about 1 Cu atom being gained per 10 Na atoms lost. Thus, Na and Cu (plus probably H) were exchanged by interdiffusion. Remarkably, this processes resulted in up to 10 times higher Cu concentrations in re-equilibrated inclusions than were present in the outer fluid, i.e. Cu diffused 'uphill'. Large variations of Cu concentrations relative to the concentration of other elements are common also in natural fluid inclusion assemblages. However, no evidence for a correlation between Cu content and Na content was found so far, suggesting that Cu diffusion in natural samples may be dominated by processes other than Na–Cu interdiffusion.     

The spatial diffusion of party entrepreneurs in Swedish local politics

Theoretical expectations predict instances of party formation to be unusual. It is therefore puzzling that new ‘non-national’ parties became increasingly common in Swedish local councils between 1973 and 2002. This article sets out to answer why party formation became an increasingly popular strategy throughout these years. I show that previous research has not provided satisfactory answers, and argue that existing theories are of limited use explaining this development. It is suggested that a diffusion mechanism may explain why new parties became increasingly common in Swedish local councils. Theoretically, it is argued that an entrepreneur who creates a new party inspires potential entrepreneurs in neighboring municipalities to repeat this at later points in time. A geographical clustering of municipalities where these parties exist is therefore expected. Support is found for this assertion. The result is important since it outperforms the alternative ‘local contextual’, socioeconomic hypotheses previously tested in this empirical setting.     

百年来国际组织机构地理位置的时空演化:集聚模式与影响因素

国际组织机构在构建国家软实力、拓展国家利益、塑造全球治理机制具有不可替代的战略意义。论文基于国际协会联盟数据,运用矢量数据符号法和负二项回归模型对1918年至2017年成立的26457个国际组织机构地理位置的时空演化规律进行深入研究,主要结论如下：①百年来国际组织机构累计数量呈几何数量级增长了1200倍,整体呈缓慢上升又陡然下降的演化趋势;②国际组织机构的空间分布极不均衡,具有等级扩散的演化规律,优先选择区域中心国家的中心城市;③国际组织机构具有永久中立国、强国和区域中心国三种集聚模式;④回归显示国家的经济、文化和科技影响力及历史性组织文化遗产在0.01水平上与国际组织机构地理布局呈显著的正相关关系。     

Sustained Organizational Influence: American Legislative Exchange Council and the Diffusion of Anti‐Sanctuary Policy

Building upon existing literature, we offer a particular model of network policy diffusion—which we call sustained organizational influence. Sustained organizational influence necessitates an institutional focus across a broad range of issues and across a long period of time. Sustaining organizations are well‐financed, and exert their influence on legislators through benefits, shared ideological interests, and time‐saving opportunities. Sustaining organizations' centralized nature makes legislators' jobs easier by providing legislators with ready‐made model legislation. We argue that sustaining organizations uniquely contribute to policy diffusion in the U.S. states. We evaluate this model with a case study of state‐level immigration sanctuary policy making and the role that the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) played in disseminating model legislation. Through quantitative text analysis and several negative binomial state‐level regression models, we demonstrate that ALEC has exerted an overwhelming influence on the introduction of anti‐sanctuary legislative proposals in the U.S. states over the past 7 years consistent with our particular model of network policy diffusion. Implications are discussed.     

The nation and the city: urban festivals and cultural mobilisation

This article attempts to map the relations between nation‐building processes in 19th‐century Europe and city cultures with their urban sociability. Three patterns are surveyed: [1] the modern‐national assimilation of medieval and early‐modern city cultures (sample case: Orléans and the French cult of Joan of Arc); [2] the modular replication across cities of urban festivals as cultural mobilizers (sample case: the spread of Floral Games festivals in Southern France and Northern Spain); [3] the reticulation of city‐based practices into a nationwide and nation‐building network (sample cases: the role of choral societies in German cultural nationalism; and its transnational knock‐on effect in the Baltic Provinces). By choosing the city as our social focus and placing it (or rather, its ideal‐type ‘Urbania’) alongside Gellner's ideal‐types of ‘Megalomania’ and ‘Ruritania’, we can avoid the finalism of studying regionalist and nationalist movements in the analytical framework of the post‐Versailles state system, and we gain a better understanding of the granulated, localized social basis of such movements and the translocally homogenizing role of culture.     

De-centring the European union: policy diffusion among European regional organizations – a comment

Abstract

This article comments on the special issue from a political science perspective. It starts with an attempt at interpreting the contributions from a diffusion perspective. The articles show a sophisticated understanding of diffusion as “interdependent decision-making”, that is multi- rather than uni-directional, focuses on diffusion as a process (not an outcome), and takes a decidedly agency-centered view. The article then highlights some of the empirical findings in this special issue. This concerns, among others, the crucial role of the Council of Europe (CoE) as a laboratory for generating new policy ideas and an agenda-setter, as well as the equally important function of the various parliamentary assemblies as mechanisms by which policy ideas diffuse. At the same time, there is also a power story in this special issue. The EC ultimately dominates the processes in most policy areas. The article concludes with remarks on the fruitfulness of an interdisciplinary dialogue between historians and social scientists as documented by this special issue.     

INTERNET EST-IL SOLUBLE DANS L'ESPACE? RÉFLEXIONS SUR LA DIFFUSION DU WEB EN FRANCE

Cet article analyse les grands traits de la diffusion spatiale du Web en France et montre la nécessité et les possibilités d'aborder spatialement Internet en dépit de nombreux problèmes techniques. L'analyse se base sur la cartographie de 7000 sites en avril 1997 et met en évidence une assez bonne ressemblance d'ensemble avec la hiérarchie urbaine. Mais le milieu rural montre aussi de fortes différenciations et en particulier des concentrations dans la partie méridionale du pays: les sites touristiques et de produits de terroir les expliquent largement.
This article analyses the main features of the spatial diffusion of the Web in France. It argues that it is necessary and possible to approach the Internet from a spatial point of view, in spite of the many technical problems this presents. The analysis is based on the cartography of 7000 sites in April 1997 and shows a good correspondence to the urban hierarchy. But rural space also shows strong differentiations, particularly some concentrations in the meridional part of the country: these are explained largely by tourist sites and products of the soil.     

不同尺度下农业创新技术空间扩散的实证研究——以中国果业协会果业技术扩散为例

目前,国内外对技术扩散的研究中时间维角度扩散研究较多,而空间维扩散研究相对薄弱。以中国果业协会为依托,通过对协会内果树系列技术成果采用系统调查的基础上,运用相关分析和行为分析的方法,从不同尺度对技术空间扩散进行透视,得出以下结论:①不同尺度下影响农业技术扩散和使用的因素相差较大。宏观尺度下影响果树系列技术扩散的主要因子为规模,中微观尺度下影响技术扩散的主要因子为距离;②随着空间尺度的缩减,技术扩散由明显的规模等级扩散向随距离增加扩散强度减弱的渐进扩散转化;③农业技术在空间扩散方向上具有"寻"的特征,即技术扩散总是在追求扩散效益最大化;④微观尺度的农户行为分析表明,农户技术采用行为主要受农户本身对高收益的追求和外部因素对农户的影响两方面作用。     

史前蒙古人种海洋扩散研究——岭南树皮布文化发现及其意义

在人类衣服历史上,发源于中国的纺织丝布和楮树皮的无纺布,同样是具有世界性影响的重大发明。树皮布技术自南中国南向经中南半岛,席卷东南亚岛屿后,从海路上跨过太平洋岛屿进入中美洲。树皮布在中美洲更广泛被用作纸,具有记载文字的功能,对中美洲的历史影响至为深钜。     

口岸城市入境旅游流空间扩散路径实证研究——以上海市为例

本研究以东部典型入境口岸城市上海为研究对象,以市场调查资料为数据来源,从节点、方向及路径三个角度研究上海市入境旅游流的路径转移扩散规律。研究结果显示,以上海作为入境1：7岸的入境旅游流扩散人次排前十的节点城市依次为：北京、西安、杭州、成都、南京、桂林、广州、昆明、苏州、深圳;按照旅游流扩散方向可将入境旅游流扩散方向分为四类：北向、南向、西北向和西南向,并在每个方向上分别归纳出4条扩散路径,其中上海→北京→西安这→路径人数比例最高,上海→成都→西安→北京次之,上海→西安→北京处于第三位;同时研究显示,入境旅游流的扩散存在着路径依赖及路径依赖锁定现象。