African Americans’ scheme to diffuse the Chinese “threat,” 1865–1882

ABSTRACT

How to deal with Chinese immigrants was an explosive issue in America in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Most people advocated exclusion, while many were active abusers of Chinese on a daily basis. African Americans were not immune to this controversy. Some followed the lead of whites in bullying Chinese either physically or discursively, becoming cooperators of white agitators. Others protested American discrimination against Chinese and demanded full equality for those immigrants. In between cooperators and protesters was a third, understudied group of blacks. They did regard Chinese as a problem but opted for a dilution of the so-called menace through peaceful and restrained means. Adding to the complexity of black reactions to the Chinese presence, these diffusers’ voices enriched the content of the black inclusion/Chinese exclusion racial configuration.     

Qualitative Methods for the Study of Policy Diffusion: Challenges and Available Solutions

This article deals with the question whether and how processes of policy diffusion can be examined with qualitative methods. More specifically, how can qualitative methods address the “twin challenge of interdependence,” namely the challenge to identify diffusion, on the one hand, and the challenge to discriminate between mechanisms of diffusion, on the other? I argue, first, that there are three distinct qualitative techniques that can be used, namely cross‐case analysis (often based on systematic case selection), within‐case process tracing, and counterfactual reasoning. I demonstrate how these techniques can be adapted to the study of policy diffusion. Second, a combination of these methods is the best practice, since they are largely complementary in terms of the twin challenge of diffusion. The discussion draws on numerous illustrations from recent qualitative policy diffusion studies. The article closes with some suggestions for further methodological development in the study of policy diffusion, including the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods.     

论广告的起源问题

传统观点认为,广告是伴随着商品生产和商品交换而出现的,是商品经济发展的必然产物。这种观点所揭示的只是“商品广告”的起源问题。从广告的发展、演变历史及人们对广告的理解来看,无论是原始意义,还是现代意义上的广告,均并非单指“商品广告”。它还应包括政治、军事、文化广告,统称为“社会广告”。其产生的时间早于“商品广告”。本文的主要观点是：广告是人类有目的信息交流和传播活动的产物。     

商品邮购(电话购物)的空间扩散与消费者抉择

信息通信技术在商品流通中的重要作用日渐明显,并且展现着进一步加强的趋势。电话(视)购物是当今已经"漫射"开来的普通电信在商业活动中应用的一个事实,可能对现存的地区性传统零售集团产生决定性影响-补充与替代共存。本文考查了国外邮(电)购的经验,并与我们在石家庄样区开展的调查工作进行了对比。最后我们对邮(电)购相关的区域规划问题进行了探讨,认为其与电话购物之电信服务方式的空间扩散相互影响。本文也旨在揭示这种零售方式是如何改善边远地区的购物条件的。     

网络关系嵌入、创新扩散与旅游企业创新绩效

作为服务业创新的重要分支,旅游业创新研究还处于起步阶段,旅游企业创新绩效及其影响机制研究还很缺乏。本文以嵌入性理论为切入点,构建了旅游企业网络关系嵌入与创新绩效之间关系的理论模型,并以四川剑门蜀道核心景区（剑门关）周边旅游企业为样本,运用回归模型实证研究了关系嵌入性如何通过创新扩散来影响旅游企业创新绩效。研究结果显示：旅游企业网络的强关系有利于提升企业的创新绩效,企业间互惠程度和关系的持久性与创新绩效正相关,创新扩散在旅游企业关系嵌入和创新绩效关系中起部分中介作用。     

Vested Interests and the Diffusion of Education Reform across the States

How do interest groups shape the diffusion of policies they oppose across the states? This study explores this question using the case of teachers' unions and education reform policies. Using a novel dataset on charter, voucher, and performance pay policies spanning 1992–2013, I find evidence that strength of the teachers' unions decreases the likelihood of performance pay and that additional strength is less impactful with more Democratic control of the legislature. Teachers' unions are weakly related to a lack of charter laws and do not impact voucher laws. The latter two policies are more strongly associated with policymaker learning and education reform advocacy groups, respectively. These findings suggest that vested interests most strongly impact the policies that most fundamentally threaten their organizational strength and that this effect is conditioned on the party in power; increases in interest group strength are not necessary when policymakers are already sympathetic.     

New tech spaces for old tech places? Exploring the network of research and technology organizations across North Italian Regions

This paper explores the industrial affiliation and linkages of research and technology organizations (RTOs) in nine North Italian regions highly specialized in advanced manufacturing and introduces a methodology to assess the potential for a cross-regional technology platform. RTOs are supposed to operate in the development and application phases of innovation and are expected to provide access to key enabling technologies and R&D infrastructures. An original survey panel of 55 Italian RTOs is used and Social network analysis is introduced to assess the potential of RTOs to operate as a single cross-regional platform across key industrial and technology domains. Centrality measures are used to build an empirical model on the factors that drive the higher centrality of RTOs. Centrality is increased by convergence on few key technology priorities and is positively correlated with collaborative ventures, the number of contracts with firms and the presence of distinctive R&D infrastructures. Such a platform rests on specialized regional hubs, it operates with no gatekeepers and it only partially exploits geographical and technological proximity within the network. Future research avenues are discussed to improve the function of technology diffusion of RTOs in a cross-regional perspective.     

多类型微博舆情时空分布关系的差异性及其地理规则

以新浪微博转发行为作为舆情时空分布的研究对象,分别选取4·20雅安地震事件代表重大社会舆情、凤凰古城收费事件代表公众生活舆情、郭某某事件代表网络热点舆情3类案例,总结不同类型微博舆情的时空分布特征及差异性,进而透视客观存在的地理规则。研究发现：①3类舆情事件微博转发量的时间分布分别表现为：长尾型、山峰型、多个时间段上的波浪型。②与时间轴对应的空间分布呈等级结构,信息扩散节点城市等级（转发量）结构还会表现出一定的空间伸缩变形或与距离衰减形成叠加关系,3类事件分别表现为：延续传统规律的“始终金字塔”结构、在相对较长时间过程中具有范围伸缩的“始终金字塔”结构、距离衰减影响下的“始终金字塔”结构。城市规模效应主导和距离摩擦阻尼效应影响构成网络信息空间分布的基本地理规则。③微博舆情时空分布的差异性与事件类型有关,并与不同微博用户的作用有关。微博用户的不平衡区域分布和其跨区域流动对信息空间分布产生直接影响。     

欠发达农区传统手工业的形成与影响因素研究——以兰考县徐场村为例

传统手工业作为农区经济发展的一种重要形式,对广大农区经济发展具有重大推动作用。本文以兰考县徐场村为例,刻画了传统手工业在欠发达农区产生与发展的历程,探究其影响因素的作用机理。研究发现：①传统手工业的形成与发展是沿着初创、波动、恢复和发展等四个阶段展开,中后期的产业规模扩大较为显著;②家庭作坊呈现“小集聚,大分散”的分布格局,务工人员的来源分布较为集中但存在“灯下黑”现象,市场体系逐渐健全;③传统手工业主要受到个体因素、村庄内部和外部因素三个层面因素的影响,且在产业发展的不同时期主要影响因素并不相同;④从演化视角来看,偶然事件与收益递增的结合往往锁定了传统产业新的发展路径,而集聚效应与衍生活动的互补增强则进一步促进了传统手工业产业集群的形成。     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of the Clovis–Folsom transition

Despite the importance of the Clovis–Folsom transition for understanding the history of western North America, its spatiotemporal dynamics remains unclear. Here we report a three-part study in which we investigated the transition using radiocarbon dates from Clovis and Folsom sites. In the first part of the study, we used dates from Folsom site-phases to determine when and where Folsom originated. In the second part of the study, we employed Clovis and Folsom dates in analyses designed to determine whether Folsom spread via demic diffusion or cultural diffusion. In the third part of the study we investigated the velocity of the Clovis–Folsom transition. The analyses suggest that Folsom first appeared around 12,800 calBP in the northern High Plains and spread north and south from there. They also suggest that the spread of Folsom was, at least in part, the result of population expansion. In addition, the analyses indicate that the spread of Folsom was relatively fast for a prehistoric diffusion but well below the maximum velocity that has been estimated for such events. These findings, in turn, have implications for the hypotheses that have been put forward to explain the Clovis–Folsom transition. They refute the idea that the Clovis–Folsom transition resulted from an extraterrestrial impact over northern North America at 12,900 ± 100 calBP but are consistent with the alternative proposal that the transition was a response to climate-driven environmental change.