欧美国家露营旅游发展及其对中国的启示

露营是符合休闲时代旅游者心理需求的一种旅游,更是当今时代的一种时尚趋势。国内露营旅游及露营地的发展也逐渐受到政府、企业、学者以及旅游者的关注。本文对欧美露营旅游的相关研究进行了梳理,系统的阐述了欧美露营地发展及研究现状。总结了欧美露营旅游在露营地规划建设、经营管理方面的特色,发现其露营旅游产品呈现出集观光与休闲、个性与新颖、探险与刺激等功能相结合的趋势,服务活动也逐渐趋于多样化。在此基础之上对中国露营旅游发展进行思考,期待为中国露营地的规划建设以及经营管理提供参考。     

21世纪上半叶发达国家华侨华人社会的发展态势

21世纪上半叶 ,随着老龄化进程的加速和知识经济时代的到来 ,发达国家将以更大的拉力吸纳其所需人才 ;中国作为发展中国家 ,其与发达国家之间的社会、经济等方面的差距依然存在 ,对华侨华人产生的推力作用依然存在。有鉴于此 ,今后 2 0— 30年 ,发达国家的华人社会 ,其规模不仅可能由目前的 6 0 0— 70 0万人急速膨胀为 2 0 0 0— 30 0 0万人 ,而且其成份亦将更为多元化、年轻化、知识化。如何使中国人的海外迁移活动成为对华侨华人自身、对其居住国以及对其祖 (籍 )国三者均有利的三赢行为 ,是有关各方面临的共同课题。     

The mobilisation of identities: a study on the relationship between elite rhetoric and public opinion on national identity in developed democracies

Over the last decade, the topic of national‐identity has gained considerable importance after various heads of states have made it an important political issue in the context of ongoing globalisation and European integration processes. There is also a large, mainly historical literature that has emphasised the role of the political elite in the formation of national‐identities. While this argument is widely discussed in both public and academic debates, there is, surprisingly, hardly any empirical research on this issue. We do not know whether elite positions resonate with how the masses think about these issues. We therefore set out to test this relationship by combining the 2003 wave of the International Social Survey Programme and content analysis of elite mobilisation rhetoric from the Comparative Manifesto Project. Results indicate that an overlap exists between politicians' articulation of exclusive notions about the contours of national‐identity and heightened expressions of civic and ethnic national‐identity within public opinion. By contrast, elite mobilisation along more inclusive lines appears ineffective. From this, it appears that exclusionary arguments play a more important role, at least in terms of attitudes about national‐identity, than inclusionary ones.     

论地理因素在陇南山地历史发展中的作用与影响

位于青藏高原、黄土高原与西秦岭交汇地带的甘肃陇南山地,区域内地形地貌复杂多样,为具有不同地域背景的民族、部落入居提供了基本的地理环境。而不同地理单元之间由于自然分界线与人文分界线之间相互依托、强化,使陇南山地历史发展呈现出"时间""空间"的双重分异和"内地化"与"边疆化"的双重趋势。在白龙江、洮河、岷峨山地、西秦岭、边墙、关隘、堡寨等大大小小自然、人文分界线中,由岷县、临潭、夏河连线所构成的"汉藏分界线"对陇南山地历史发展产生了根本性的影响。这条地理的、生态的分界线在约束人类活动的同时,又为人类最大限度的利用自然环境提供了可能。     

11—17世纪俄国对日本的早期认识

深入研究俄日早期的相互认识是探寻俄日关系历史的重要途径,更是把握两国关系前景和领土之争的关键。研究俄日关系史就应该回到两国发生接触的源头。6—17世纪俄国主要通过东方阿拉伯国家、蒙元(中国)等第三方积累起对日本的早期认识。人文主义思潮涌现后,随着科学知识的普及和西方探险、游历活动的开展,俄国人对日认识不断更新和拓展。这些早期认识为俄日的正式建交提供了潜在助力。从17世纪开始,伴随俄国的远东疆土开发,俄国获取日本之消息的渠道趋于直接而畅通。本文立足于广阔的历史时空,从地理和文化关系入手,考察俄国对日本从模糊、片段式的了解到逐渐准确、详细的认知过程;从历史地理学角度呈现俄日早期关系的发端。     

Making sense out of cents: compositional variations in European coins as a control model for archaeometallurgy

Archaeometallurgy frequently seeks to correlate between the temporal and spatial distribution of ancient metal objects and their chemical composition. In this study, we examined whether and to what extent local or temporal deviations in the content of modern artifacts can be identified as a proxy for archaeological material that is typically less controlled and therefore more difficult to cluster. For this purpose, Euro coins of 10, 20 and 50 cents from Germany, France, Spain, Italy and Belgium, which are made of copper (Cu) with 5% aluminum (Al), 5% zinc (Zn) and 1% tin (Sn), were analyzed using a simple XRF analyzer. The mass ratios Sn/Cu and Zn/Cu were measured with a relative precision c.a. of 5%. The mean content of the coins from each country was then determined for 20–39 of them. The difference of the mass ratio Sn/Cu observed – from 0.0101 to 0.0111. One coin from Luxemburg shows differences in various areas of its surface of up to a factor of 1.5. Thus, the results of this small pilot research show that even in modern metal artifacts we can detect differences in metal content, which can be correlated to their production and utilization places. Therefore, this study can serve as a model for evaluating compositional variations noted in archaeometallurgical studies where the standard deviations are greater and the differences can be linked more readily to spatial and temporal differences.     

Premature exit from and delayed entrance into the less developed status: An empirical appraisal of the structural funds allocation criterion

This paper investigates the impact of the main criterion employed by the European Commission for the allocation of the largest portion of Structural Funds, based on the threshold of the 75% of European Union (EU) average gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. We focus on the 2014–2020 programming period and on EU-15 regions to analyze if this criterion has penalized some of them, as a consequence of the 2004 EU enlargement, which has represented an exogenous shock in the allocation process, due to the economic backwardness of new member states. Through the application of Synthetic Control Methods and Difference-in-Differences estimators at different geographical scales, we show that regions that did not obtain the less developed status in both the programming period 2007–2013 and 2014–2020, but that would have obtained it in the period 2014–2020 without the 2004 EU enlargement, experienced a significantly lower GDP per capita growth between −10.5% and −5.7%. Conversely, territories that in the period 2014–2020 lost the less developed status, previously obtained in the time frame 2007–2013, were not characterized by a significantly lower economic growth, providing some evidence of the effectiveness of the safety net.     

ADMINISTRATIVE DEFINITIONS OF ARTISTS IN THE NORDIC MODEL OF STATE SUPPORT FOR ARTISTS

This article considers the role of public arts policy in producing societal definitions for “art” and “artists”. It examines administrative definitions generated and used by the Nordic system of state support for artists and reflected in its administrative categories and structures of decision‐making. Using the concepts of “artistic field” and “artistic classification system” as starting points, the article focuses on the regulated and institutionalized interaction of the state and artistic fields in decision making, and on the administrative categories emerging from this interaction. Through this interaction, professional and administrative definitions of “art” and “artist” are closely intertwined in the four countries discussed. The administrative categories examined show considerable variation between the countries related to differences in the nature of this interaction. The definition power involved in state support for artists is related to the nature of this interaction, as well as to such factors as the legitimating arguments, objectives and criteria for the support.     

Regulating unemployment the Continental way: the transfer of municipal labour exchanges to Scandinavia 1890–1914

Statistical knowledge, insurance and labour exchanges constituted the principal elements in the policies developed to handle the new social problem of unemployment in the decades before 1914. Political transfer, the exchange of ideas, problems and policies between reformers all over the modern world, contributed heavily to the making of unemployment. This article analyses the introduction of labour exchanges, a German innovation, in the Nordic countries. Special attention is given to the different settings, both extra- and intra-Nordic, for transfer and cross-learning. The aspiration that the municipal labour exchange, providing a free and impartial service to both employers and workers, would reduce unemployment and social tensions explains its swift introduction.