Sanctions and tourism: effects,complexities and research

Abstract

Despite the growing use of sanctions as a post-Cold War foreign policy instrument, there is limited research on sanctions in a tourism context despite their substantial impact on destinations and tourist flows. Although there is significant research on sanctions in political science, international relations, economics, and public policy, very few studies explicitly examine the effect of sanctions on tourism. This study therefore examines the intricate geopolitical relationship between sanctions and tourism via a scoping review of relevant literature. Each of the four main types of sanctions that were identified: financial, sectoral, diplomatic and individual, have different implications for tourism at various scales. The findings show that tourism is profoundly affected by sanctions impacting tourism and hospitality businesses and destination image, severely restricting international travel, and disrupting financial investment and supply chains. More comprehensive sanctions may lead to substantial economic and personal hardship in destinations as well as indirect effects including decline in the value of currency and inflationary pressures. Nevertheless, despite the development of smart and targeted sanctions they rarely affect the coercive capacity of the targeted government and induce political behavioural change. Resistive economies can develop in response to sanctions in which domestic tourism assumes greater significance as a result of reductions in international mobility. Some destinations facing sanctions also focus on specific international markets from non-sanctioning countries as well as a country’s diaspora. Overall, the study of sanctions deepens knowledge of the interrelationships between geopolitics, foreign policy and tourism and its ramifications for destinations. Significant gaps in knowledge for future research include the role of domestic politics in influencing sanctions policy, the selection of tourism as a specific target for sanctions, and the development of destination adaptation strategies to sanctions.     

Studying marriage migration to Europe from below: informal practices of government,border struggles and multiple entanglements

The growing importance of marriage as a migration strategy has been accompanied by a problematisation and securitization of marriages between binational couples in media and policy discourse. Moreover, marriage migration has received increased scholarly attention. In this article, we propose an analytical framework for the study of marriage migration and its government that permits to transcend three biases and related blind spots that we identify in the existing literature. While this literature offers rich insights into marriage migration and states’ ever more laboured attempts to control and regulate it, this literature is, nevertheless, characterised by an implementation gap bias, a control bias and, finally, a destination country bias. To address these biases, we propose an analytical framework that is inspired by the autonomy of migration approach. We propose to ethnographically study binational couples’ encounters with marriage migration related authorities in countries of destination and citizenship with a particular focus on binational couples’ struggles for visas, resident permits and a right to family life. Illustrated through ethnographic research, we show that this methodology permits to highlight three aspects of marriage migration that have not been sufficiently considered so far. These include the securitization of marriage migration ‘from below’ through informal practices of government on the ‘street-level’, binational couples’ inherently political border struggles and their capacity to negotiate restrictive legislations and bureaucratic hurdles and, finally, what we call the multiple entanglements of binational couples in the border and citizenship regimes of two or more nation-state orders.     

A post COVID-19 future - tourism re-imagined and re-enabled

Abstract

The urgent demands of the present necessitate an interrogation – a re-exploration and a re-envisioning of the future of tourism – of what has to change (and remain constant). Despite the crippling effects of COVID-19, new forms of solidarity are emerging that challenge the prevailing competitiveness ethic. While a transactional economic revival has to remain a top priority, progress will advance, so long as tourism becomes more transformational and transcendent. Discoveries of new methodologies for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and versions of a Green New Deal, for example, are generating interest, notably ‘mass flourishing’ introduced in ‘anti-fragile’ ways. Utilizing a ‘future-back’ paradigm that demands deep-dive assessments and articulation of purpose, the gaps between ‘what is’ and ‘what could or should be’ are bound to close. Such undertakings represent a ‘coming together’ of all stakeholders, a role that academicians are urged to embrace, especially through action research, curriculum change and creation of ‘daring classrooms’.     

“认知—情感—整体”三维视角下的遗产旅游地形象感知研究——以湘江古镇群为例

以湘江古镇群互联网旅游数据为研究对象，采用文本分析、主题分析和情感分析等方法，借助旅游地形象“认知—情感—整体”三维模型对遗产旅游地形象感知进行了探索。结果表明：①游客对湘江古镇群的认知形象以自然、场所/地域和活动为主，非物质形态记忆重心由饮食文化向历史文化偏移，环境生态记忆由模糊山水环境生态向具象历史文化空间记忆发展。②游客对古镇旅游设施与饮食文化积极感知最为强烈，影响湘江古镇群的消极情感形象最为重要的因素是门票价格贵、性价比不高等。③游客对湘江古镇群推荐与重游意愿普遍偏低，整体情感呈负性与正性情绪两极分化，正性情绪占比较高。     

客源地—目的地关系质量对游客多分类旅游意愿的影响机制研究——以大陆赴台湾潜在客源市场为例

客源地-目的地关系和游客的旅游决策是旅游营销研究中的重要议题。本研究基于联想网络理论，构建了关系质量、多分类旅游意愿、游客风险倾向等变量之间的融合影响机制，以大陆赴台湾潜在客源市场为例，依托问卷调查数据，采用结构方程模型进行建模和检验。研究表明：①消极化的客源地-目的地关系质量通过直接效应和旅游形象的中介作用负向影响游客对目的地的旅游意愿（赴台旅游意愿）；②消极化的关系质量负向影响游客的基础旅游意愿（出境旅游意愿），并强化了替代旅游意愿（非台湾旅游意愿）的替代作用；③低风险倾向游客的多分类旅游意愿受消极化关系质量的负向影响更强。本研究拓展了联想网络理论的应用领域，揭示了客源地-目的地关系质量对多分类意愿的影响机制。     

Reconsidering global mobility – distancing from mass cruise tourism in the aftermath of COVID-19

Abstract

The mass cruise tourism industry (MCTI) is inscribed in a neoliberal production of tourism space that promotes the economic, sociocultural and environmental marginalization of cruise destinations. With cruise tourism halted as a result of the COVID-19, but likely to resume in 2021, I question the relevance of this form of tourism and propose future development alternatives aligned with deglobalisation and degrowth of the industry. Power relations with destinations communities can be critiqued using the concepts of global mobility and local mobility to show that the former, imperative for the deployment of mass cruise tourism, is a weakness for the industry in a post-pandemic perspective of reduced mobility. Destinations must use the industry’s dependence on global mobility as leverage to transform the balance of power in their favor and promote local mobility. They must embrace radical solutions to take control of their territory to favor a transition from “Growth for development” to “Degrowth for liveability”. Host territories, relying on national and regional governance, should gradually ban or restrict the arrival of mega-cruise ships, implement policies that promote the development of a niche cruise tourism industry (NCTI) with small ships and develop a fleet controlled by local actors.     

旅游目的地社区居民相对剥夺感研究回顾与展望

旅游地居民与多元利益主体间的矛盾和冲突，是旅游领域发展不平衡不充分的重要表现。相对剥夺感是认识旅游地居民行为逻辑的新视角，也为化解旅游地居民与多元利益主体间的矛盾冲突、改善旅游领域基层社会治理提供了新的思路。文章从研究源起、概念内涵和测量维度、影响因素和形成机制、行为效应、应用范畴和研究方法等6个方面对旅游地居民相对剥夺感研究进行了分析回顾。在此基础上，讨论了旅游地居民相对剥夺感研究对于新时期我国旅游地社会治理的现实意义和学术价值，同时构建了旅游地居民相对剥夺感研究框架，并提出了未来研究的方向和重点。     

旅游目的地品牌基因选择的三力模型构建

旅游目的地竞争已从资源竞争转向品牌竞争。针对当前旅游品牌实践没有价值命题、同质性强等问题，本研究在批判继承现有战略管理、旅游目的地品牌战略等相关理论的基础上，从目的地、客源地、竞争性目的地三个维度，构建了目的地代表力、客源地吸引力、竞争性目的地竞争力的旅游目的地品牌基因筛选的三力（RAC）模型。其中，代表力包括原生性、唯一性、真实性；吸引力包括价值性、自然环境和生活方式差异性、地方依恋性；竞争力包括稀缺性、不可模仿性、难以替代性。旅游目的地品牌基因筛选的三力（RAC）模型将为旅游目的地品牌基因筛选提供完整、详细、具有可操作性且可以广泛应用的定量分析工具，有助于解决当下目的地品牌营销缺乏理论依据问题，能够指导旅游目的地管理机构的品牌建设实践。     

How ‘creative’ is remembering? Culture-led regeneration and the politics of memory in Bogota,Colombia

ABSTRACT

Recently, Colombia’s post-conflict transition has experienced strong international attention. In Bogota, commemorative politics of the conflict insert themselves in complex processes of place branding: employing culture to rescale the city image from unsafe and violent to culturally vibrant. However, how to reckon with the country’s violent past in the culture-led renaissance of Bogota? Based on the author’s four-month of in-depth qualitative fieldwork on the main street Avenida 26 – at the center of both branding strategies and politics of memory – this paper shows the failure of institutional efforts to promote a brand of Bogota as a ‘City of Memory’. Socio-political divisions over the interpretations of the country’s past result in multi-scalar conflictive negotiations between politics and practices on the street: they reveal the tight link between memory, social justice, and urban segregation while denouncing the exclusionary visions of citizenship bared in political efforts to display memory as a territorial mark.     

Digital cementum luminance analysis (DCLA): a tool for the analysis of climatic and seasonal signals in dental cementum

Cementum banding patterns have been used by archaeozoologists and wildlife managers for a number of decades to assess the season and age at death of mammalian populations. However, the observation and measurement of the nature of cementum banding, especially that of the final band, has proved to be difficult except under conditions of excellent preservation and advanced microscopy. The research presented here details a method for extracting luminance data from the banding patterns of cementum in order to quantify the optical properties of cementum tissue. By doing so, analysis of the relationship between cementum deposition and environmental variables is achieved. We present the results of a digital cementum luminance analysis (DCLA) on a sample of first molars from two species, Ovis aries, Soay and Capra ibex. The results indicate that significant relationships occur between seasonal temperature changes and cementum histology. Furthermore, we show that luminance values can be used to assess the geographical range of genetically similar populations. Our results demonstrate that the study of luminance is a vital tool for the quantitative study of dental cementum for both archaeological and ecological studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.