多元族群视野下的华人特性——美国亚裔六大族群的比较

根据美国最新公布的各族群的普查、统计及抽样等数据与研究成果,对亚裔各族群进行比较分析发现,华裔、印度裔、菲律宾裔、日裔、韩裔和越南裔,在人口构成与地理分布、人口素质与职业构成、个人与家庭收入、企业数量及收益、自营职业状况等方面各有千秋。华裔呈现两极状态:高层次方面,华裔受教育水平、高级职业比例、企业平均收益等指标,都紧随印度裔之后居第二位;在硅谷和美国新经济中,华裔与印度裔相媲美;低层次方面,华裔贫困率高以及高中以下学历者多,都仅次于越南裔;偷渡移民在亚裔中最为突出。此外,华裔族群经济规模较大,自成一体,具有自我生成、自我扩张的能力,能够消化相当数量的移民。亚裔在美国的差异性与他们在亚洲本土的文化差异度没有直接的相关性,甚至大相径庭。这些差异是移民及其后裔在迁徙过程和异国谋生过程中适应环境所做出的不同的理性选择。中华文化与海外华人的独特性等既有观点,经不起客观数据比较的验证。     

旅游者目的地忠诚驱动因素研究——以内地居民“香港游”为例

哪些驱动因素影响以及怎样影响旅游者的目的地忠诚,这是目的地营销的关键问题。在文献研究基础上,本文提出一个旅游者目的地忠诚驱动模型及若干个假设。通过对内地访港旅游者的问卷调研,厘清了目的地忠诚与旅游质量、感知价值、满意之间的相互作用机理。研究发现：感知价值是驱动目的地忠诚的关键因素;旅游质量是忠诚的基础因素;满意对忠诚的驱动最为直接,但影响力相对较弱。     

Three accounts of the emergence of the remote jobs and communities program: changing timeframes and types of actors

Using frameworks for the analysis of policy devised by Colebatch and Bacchi, three accounts are developed of the emergence of an Australian government program for Indigenous employment and community participation in remote areas. Timeframes increase and types of actors change moving from an authoritative choice account to structured interaction and then problematisation. Individual agents in authoritative choice are replaced in structured interaction by government departments as distinctive organisational actors. In the problematisation account, concepts become the dominant actors, changing over longer timeframes. In remote Indigenous employment a change in problematisation is discerned in the 1970s, from inclusion in award wages and social security to concerns about welfare dependence. A later problematisation change reframes a 1970s program from employment to welfare.     

Network analysis of tourist flows: a cross-provincial boundary perspective

In contrast to the extensive research regarding tourist flows on the international, intranational, interregional, intercity, intracity and tourism-spot scales, little attention has been paid to the cross-provincial boundary perspective. In view of the fact that China's provincial administrative boundaries have a long history and a profound influence on the society, culture and economy of neighboring provinces, this study focuses on tourist-flow networks in China that cross ‘provincial’ boundaries. Tourist-flow data from a questionnaire survey and travel-agency-recommended routes were acquired, and the social network analysis method and boundary effect analysis were adopted for the first time to study the cross-boundary tourist flows. Lugu Lake in China was selected for the case study. The spatial distribution and impact factors of cross-boundary tourist flows are discussed, and a scientific basis for future collaborations among cross-boundary tourism destinations is provided. The following conclusions are reached. (1) The spatial structure of cross-boundary tourist-flow networks is complex. There is a core–periphery structure, and each node assumes different roles and functions. (2) Cross-boundary tourist flows are significantly influenced by the boundary-shielding effect, and the properties, direction and extent of the effects are diverse and depend on accessibility, resource endowments, resource heterogeneity and the extent of regional integration. (3) Cross-boundary tourist flows are affected by a boundary-mediating effect, and structural holes play a critical role in the boundary-mediating effect and drive the integration of regional tourism.     

Wetland assessment and impact mitigation decision support framework for linear development projects: The Louis Riel Trail,Highway 11 North project,Saskatchewan, Canada

Next to agriculture, road development is one of the most significant sources of stress to wetlands in Prairie Canada. However, there currently exists limited guidance for incorporating direct, indirect, and induced effects to wetlands in impact assessment and mitigation planning for small and often routine developments, including access roads or highway improvement initiatives. Based on the Louis Riel Trail, Highway 11 North twinning project in Saskatchewan, Canada, this article demonstrates a methodological approach and decision support framework for assessing and managing direct, indirect, and induced effects to wetlands from linear developments. No regulatory‐based environmental assessment was required for the highway project; effects were deemed to be insignificant under current wetland mitigation practices. However, our results show that 1115 ha of potentially affected wetlands are located within a 500 m impact zone on either side of the proposed highway. More than 50 percent of these wetlands are seasonal, less than 1 ha in size, and typically not included in mitigation planning. An expert‐based multi‐criteria evaluation of impact and mitigation options for wetlands in the study area indicated “no net loss” as a planning priority, and a preference for a spatially ambitious mitigation plan focused on direct, indirect, and potentially induced impacts. In practice, however, mitigation is often restrictive, focused on mitigating only direct impacts within the project's right‐of‐way, in this case less than 50 ha of wetlands, resulting in the potential for significant net loss of wetland habitat and function. If the risk to wetlands is to be given due consideration in project planning and development for roads and road improvement initiatives, then structured assessment methods and decision support frameworks should be sensitive to the time and resource constraints of small projects and screening‐type assessments. This requires also that wetland mitigation policies are developed and implementation plans formulated as part of project planning and assessment initiatives for linear developments.     

The impact of playground design on play choices and behaviors of pre-school children

The purpose of this study was to examine where and how children choose to play in four Australian pre-school centers with very different outdoor playgrounds. Using a momentary time sampling direct observation instrument, a total of 960 scans were taken of pre-determined target areas (paths, paved expanses, grass, softfall, sand feature, manufactured functional, manufactured constructive and natural) within four playgrounds over a 30-day period. During each scan, we recorded the number of boys and girls observed in each target area as well as the dominant type of play (functional, constructive, symbolic, self-focused, talking). A total of 2361 observations of children occurred across the four centers. The results revealed the children were using the four playgrounds differently. At the diverse and natural Center A, the most popular space was the natural area and the least popular space was the sandpit. At the small, compact and diverse Center B, children were fairly evenly dispersed, with the most popular areas being the softfall and paved expanse. At the hard and barren Center C, almost half the children were found on the pavement, but the sandpits and natural areas were also popular. Finally, at the large, sparse and old Center D, children were fairly evenly dispersed, but most were observed playing on the softfall. Across all centers, irrespective of target area, the dominant play activity was functional play followed by self-focused play. This article discusses these findings and asks important questions about the design of pre-school playgrounds. In doing so, this study has begun to explain the relationship between the design of outdoor play spaces, children's choices of play locations and their play behaviors.     

游客安全感的影响要素、形成机理及提升策略研究

安全感是旅游目的地安全状况的"晴雨表",是游客在旅游目的地最基本需求。本文在对游客安全感的概念进行界定、游客安全感重要性和研究意义进行阐述,以及游客安全感的影响要素进行分析的基础上,探索游客对旅游目的地安全感的认知过程和形成机理,并据此提出旅游目的地提升和强化游客安全感的"四位一体"策略,即培育理性的游客、营造安全的旅游环境、运用现代的安全技术和选择科学的传播渠道。     

旅游目的地游客感知价值的层次关系模型

顾客价值被认为是竞争优势的新来源,目前旅游领域游客感知价值研究多将感知价值的各维度置于同一层次,这样不利于对游客感知价值概念的深刻理解,也不利于旅游业界从操作层面上提升游客感知价值。本研究基于"途径-目的"理论,使用回归分析方法检验了目的地属性层的价值维度与结果层价值维度的关系。结果表明,旅游者对目的地属性层的价值感知显著影响对结果层的价值感知,其中,景观/环境和成本属性是影响中国旅游者体验结果的主导性因素。     

国内游客行前信息搜索与目的地满意度评价研究——以黄山风景区为例

行前信息搜索是游客旅游决策过程的首要步骤之一,而信息则会进一步影响游客的系列消费行为及其满意度评价。本文在文献回顾的基础上,以黄山风景区为例构建了国内游客行前信息搜索测量量表和目的地游客满意度评价测量量表,并通过因子分析萃取出了上述量表的因子结构,通过独立样本T检验和事后多重比较法检验了游客行前信息搜索行为的组间差异、检验了游客对目的地满意度评价的组间差异。典型相关分析则发现,"信息搜索的媒体导向"、"深入性信息"、"信息搜索的经验与中介导向"和"保健性信息"等国内游客行前信息搜索因子与目的地游客满意度评价因子存在正相关关系,但游客对"深入性信息"、"信息搜索的媒体导向"的关注程度较为有限。基于上述检验与发现,文章提出了黄山风景区提高游客满意度的若干举措。