Analysis of the Effect of Provisional Ties on the Construction and Current Deformation of Mallorca Cathedral

This article presents the analysis of the structure of Mallorca Cathedral taking into account the influence on the structural behavior of auxiliary iron ties used during the construction process. Recent studies (Roca et al. 2012, 2013) presented some hypotheses about the construction process of the cathedral. This article complements the previous results by considering the use of auxiliary ties as temporary stabilizing device during the construction. Evidence of the use of ties during the construction has been recognized after a comprehensive survey. The study of the role of such ties and the effect of their later removal are studied by a FE analysis carried out on a representative bay of the structure. The study includes a time-dependent FE analysis after the removal of the ties to assess the long-term structural behavior. The results of the numerical analysis are compared with the deformation trends identified by means of a recent monitoring campaign.     

Edge damage distribution at the assemblage level on Middle Stone Age lithics: an image-based GIS approach

Lithic artifacts represent the most abundant cultural remains from Middle Stone Age sites in southern Africa. Of these, pointed forms (under a variety of names), blades, and flakes have long been recognized as the three most abundant general types, and retouch on all three is rare relative to similar forms of equivalent age elsewhere. Here we offer a new technique for documenting concentrations of edge damage on an assemblage level to infer taphonomic processes and to record usewear and retouch. This approach is specifically aimed at patterning on the assemblage scale, rather than on individual artifacts. We use points from a Middle Stone Age assemblage from Pinnacle Point Cave 13B, near Mossel Bay, South Africa, to illustrate the technique. Combining GIS, rose diagrams, and polar statistics, we were able to visually and statistically summarize lithic artifacts for patterns of edge damage. For the points made on quartzite in this assemblage, edge damage was found to be significantly patterned and taphonomic causes of the damage were rejected. The technique also opens avenues for many other quantitative analyses that are either impossible or difficult with current non-visual systems of recording, such as measurements of distance, angle, and area of edge damage.     

饱水木质文物的细菌病害及其诊断技术的进展

为了促进微生物学理论与技术在我国文物保护领域中的应用,使我国的文物保护与国际先进水平接轨,本文通过对国内外有关文物保护微生物学研究进展的综述,阐述了饱水木质文物细菌性病害的成因和机理.侵蚀细菌、钻管细菌和空化细菌是饱水木质文物细菌性病害的病原体,但它们的作用方式有一定的区别.在饱水木质文物细菌性病害诊断上,国外已较为普遍地使用了光镜技术、电镜技术、细菌培养技术以及多种分子生物学技术.根据众多样本分析的结果,国外学者已建立评价饱水木质文物腐蚀状态的定性指标体系.文中还结合目前我国有关饱水木质文物保护的现状,阐述了文物保护微生物学在我国饱水木质文物保护中的应用前景,并建议尽快开展相关的研究工作.     

土质对可溶盐危害影响的关系探究——以秦陵百戏俑坑为例

为探讨不同遗址土质对可溶盐危害影响的关系,以秦陵百戏俑坑为对象,对百戏俑坑包括温湿度等赋存环境、含水率、含盐种类、含盐量、土质及本体等进行调查分析。根据调查结果选取密度和粘粒含量两个影响土质的重要因素,制作不同密度及不同粘粒含量的模拟块进行温湿度循环实验,探讨这两个因素对遗址盐害的影响。从实验结果中得知,当这两个变量发生变化时,土块盐害程度呈现随着密度和粘粒含量的增大呈现先下降后升高,最后降低的趋势。并将实验得出的盐害规律与百戏俑坑土质对照,评估与讨论百戏俑坑的盐害程度及盐害风险。     

河北曲阳北岳庙动物病害调查与防治对策研究

鸽子和蝙蝠的活动与排泄物污染是威胁北岳庙德宁之殿古建筑与古壁画安全的关键因素。本研究首先开展了德宁之殿动物病害现状调查,利用安防监控系统监测了大殿内蝙蝠的夜间活动特点,使用观鸟望远镜观测了鸽子的白天活动规律,并测定了病害动物排泄物的酸碱度和易溶盐含量。针对德宁之殿当前的动物病害问题,引入超声波驱赶法对大殿内病害动物进行驱逐,结合数字式声级计和单位面积蝙蝠排泄物重量变化对驱赶效果做出判定。结果表明:有近千只蝙蝠和数百只鸽子在德宁之殿内、外频繁活动;蝙蝠尿液呈酸性,富含硝酸盐和硫酸盐,其粪便为碱性,硝酸盐含量较高;鸽子粪便内含有较高的硝酸盐;病害动物排泄物易造成古壁画原有保存微环境改变,产生病害。安装超声波动物驱赶器后,大殿内蝙蝠平均活动时间缩短,活动强度受到了明显抑制,活动区单位面积内排泄物重量降低;大殿外鸽子也受到了驱赶器的影响,延迟返巢。超声波驱赶法在古建筑蝙蝠与鸽子病害防治过程中具有一定优势,同时有必要实施其它物理防治和机械防治等主动干预措施,以进一步提高综合防治效率。     

Soil mark studies near Winchester,Hampshire

The fate of artifacts incorporated into the ploughsoil as a result of plough damage is considered in terms of two soil mark sites near Winchester, Hampshire. Ploughsoil and subsoil analyses indicate that dispersal of soil material, as a result of ploughing, is limited at the present time and under mould board ploughing techniques. The origin of soil marks underlain only by bedrock is also considered and evidence indicates that such soil marks may appear as groundsurface expressions of ditches which have been removed by plough damage where dispersal of ploughsoil is minimal. Such soil marks may be only short lived if plough depth continues to increase.     

An assessment of attributing public healthcare infrastructure damage in the Donbas five years after Euromaidan: implications for Ukrainian state legitimacy

ABSTRACT

From the onset of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine in 2014, significant damage has been wrought to the public health infrastructure of the Donbas region. To date however, the full extent of that damage which is substantial, has not been documented: attribution of blame for that damage has not been attempted; and the implications for the region’s residents in terms of access to clinics and hospitals has been difficult to assess. This paper presents a spatial database of damaged facilities and relates that to the fighting to assess whether the damage incurred was collateral or targeted. The concept of state capacity is used to frame a discussion of what the consequences are for those residents remaining and for the challenges this crisis presents to the legitimacy of the Ukrainian government.     

Pompeii’s Stabian Baths. Mechanical behavior assessment of selected masonry structures during the 1st century seismic events

The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD buried and preserved the Stabian Baths building in the exact configuration which the archaeological excavations carried out in the second half of the 19th century recovered. By combining archeologists’ studies with the analysis of deformations and cracking pattern due to the 1st century seismic events, in this article numerical models have been formulated which allowed the formation of some hypotheses coherent on the timeline of the events, the damage to as well as the change of the shape and stylistic language of the thermal building. Specifically, through global seismic analyses and kinematic analyses of masonry portions of the “destrictarium” block, it is proven that during the 1st century not only a sole catastrophic earthquake occurred but, at least, two important seismic events took place.

The purpose of this article is to identify and parameterize the responsible earthquake by the analysis of seismic effects detectable in the damages and archaeological remains of the masonry walls of the Stabian Baths. The identification of the earthquake and the grading of provoked damages represent a useful knowledge tool that provides information about the vulnerability of ancient buildings and can be suitably used also to safeguard architectural heritage from seismic risk.     

Earthquake Risk Scenarios in Urban Areas: A Review with Applications to the Ciutat Vella District in Barcelona,Spain

ABSTRACT

The vulnerability index and capacity spectrum-based methods used to assess the expected physical damage in dwellings are revisited, and their main advantages and shortcomings are analyzed and discussed. Then, a vulnerability index-based method is used to assess the expected damage in the oldest district of Barcelona, Spain. The risk analysis is performed for earthquake scenarios defined by macroseismic intensities of V, V-VI, VI, VI-VII, and VII to design seismic emergency plans. According to the Spanish Seismic Code, the basic peak ground acceleration for a 475-year return period is 0.04 g, which corresponds to an intensity of VI. Thus, the expected physical damage is quantified and its impact on population and other quantities, such as debris and economic cost, are studied. In spite of the low-to-moderate seismic hazard in Barcelona, the results show that the risk is high, due to the high exposure and vulnerability of the built environment.     

浅谈书画展室的文物保护

本文就书画展室的文物保护问题进行了探讨,着重分析了影响书画寿命的几项因素,包括温度、湿度、光照、虫霉害等,并据此提出了多方面的保护措施。