Prelude to War: The Russian Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Ganjeh, 1803–4

This essay is the full account, the first in English, of the correspondence between the Russian general, Paul Tsitsianov, and the governor of the khanate of Ganjeh, Javād Khān Qajar. Drawing on contemporary Russian and Iranian records, it includes a daily account of Tsitsianov’s preparation, siege and the storming of the fortress of Ganjeh, which led to the First Russo-Iranian War (1804–13). The essay further includes two special maps—the first is the map of the South Caucasus in 1800 and the route of the invasion; while the second is based on a rare Russian military map that reveals the siege and storming of the fortress.     

万历援朝战争期间东北亚地区地理知识的获取、 传递与呈现: 以《华夷沿海图》为中心的考察

万历援朝战争(1592—1598)是16世纪末在东亚影响深远的重要历史事件,与之相关的《华夷沿海图》的编纂,在地图学研究中的学术意义亦值得探讨。通过综合分析中朝文献,重点发掘朝鲜王朝实录和地理书籍等资料,可以发现: 《华夷沿海图》及相关地理论述对中国北部与朝鲜沿海形势详加说明,是当时两国间地理知识交流大为增强的证明。明朝东征经略宋应昌主持创作该图时,除了既往知识和经验积累外,还融汇了自己在朝鲜的见闻,对特定地理信息的选择与处理也有的放矢。因此,《华夷沿海图》有很强的时效性和准确性。他对特定地理信息的选择与处理背后有着深刻的内涵。即使看似微小的信息的呈现与解读也能成为表达政治立场、阐明军事思想的有效工具,并能反映出战时明朝经略渤海、黄海思想之转变。     

世博会与上海旅游业:互动机制研究

本文以世博会与上海旅游业的相关性作为切入点,首先从实际效果上和理论上分析了上海世博会对上海旅游业的推动作用,然后从前期效应、当期效应、后期效应三个方面探讨了上海旅游业对上海世博会顺利召开的支持作用,最后提出了一个世博会与上海旅游业的互动机制模型,同时针对如何激活这个互动力机制从组织结构、市场战略、促销战术、产品设计、企业运作、人力资源开发等方面提出了一些真体对策与思路。     

A Late Iron Age settlement in Wādī Banī Ḫālid: First season of the joint Omani-Italian archaeological project

This paper introduces the first results of the joint Omani-Italian archaeological project at Wādī Banī Ḫālid (northern Šarqiyyah governorate, eastern al-Ḥaǧar), where a dense Iron Age and ancient Islamic occupation was detected. The aim of the project is the definition of the Iron Age settlement patterns along the eastern al-Ḥaǧar landscape and its relationship with both the coastal areas and the al-Ḥaǧar inner piedmont sites of central Oman. In fact, this project follows previous studies of the coastal environment between Muscat and Raʾs al-Ḥadd, where several seasonal fishermen villages were investigated, and their connections with inner permanent sites, such as Lizq, recognised during the Early Iron Age II (1300–600 BCE). Therefore, Wādī Banī Ḫālid stands as a peculiar case of an Iron Age territorial unit, a natural scenario made of a narrow alluvial valley which provided natural conditions for the development of a complex culture. Moreover, the material culture emerged after a first excavation campaign proved that the main occupational phase of the imposing fortified settlement WBK1 is the Late Iron Age (late first millennium BCE to third–fourth centuries CE), thus hopefully allowing new questions to be posed for the definition of Late Iron Age cultures and the chronology in central Oman, which is mostly known based on the excavation of funerary evidence. For this reason, the first part of the paper focuses on the results of the first season in Wādī Banī Ḫālid, and the second part discusses the links between Wādī Banī Ḫālid and the south-eastern Arabia general framework during the Late Iron Age.     

地方感的研究路径探索：心象运动论的方法

通过多理论思辨，本文认为地方感理论研究中，不同流派之间存在的三对矛盾：流动性与在地性的矛盾，历时性与即时性的矛盾，个体经验与集体意识的矛盾。为调和这三对矛盾，本文探索新的研究方法，即地方感的心象运动路径，主要包括以下内容：①心象与心象运动的概念；②心象运动的认识论；③心象运动论的研究方法。通过这些理论探索，提出地方感研究的新路径，为城市政府的社区管治、提升居民的归属感提供政策参考。     

The development and evolution of “cerebral thermometry”: The physiology underlying a nineteenth-century approach to cerebral localization and neurological diagnosis

ABSTRACT

Surface thermometers were developed in the latter half of the nineteenth century. From the 1850s through the 1880s, collaborations between physicians, research scientists, and instrument makers produced clear improvements in the technology to measure cranial surface temperatures, with development of self-registering mercury surface thermometers resistant to pressure and little influenced by ambient temperature, apparatus for recording cranial surface temperatures from multiple stations simultaneously, and development of thermoelectric apparatus. Physiologic studies of cranial surface thermometry were conducted over a quarter century from 1861 to 1886. Beginning in the 1860s Albers in Bonn, Germany, and Lombard at Harvard and later in England systematically investigated surface temperatures on the head using surface thermometers and thermoelectric apparatus; they demonstrated that head temperatures were variable over time and across individuals and were not clearly influenced by thinking or muscular contraction but were influenced by ambient air temperature. In 1880 Amidon in the United States claimed that cranial surface thermometry during exertion produced localized increases in surface temperature on the contralateral scalp in a specific pattern (“external motive areas”) indicating underlying brain areas responsible for each movement. Amidon’s results were not reproduced by experienced physiologists in England or France. Contemporaries recognized that significant technical and practical problems limited the accuracy and reliability of cranial surface thermometry. Physiological studies of cranial surface thermometry ended in the mid 1880s, although some clinicians who were early advocates promoted its use in clinical contexts into the early twentieth century.