Lanhydrock’s autobiographical instillation: books,reputation, and habitat in early modern England

The library at Lanhydrock in Cornwall contains many books annotated by its seventeenth-century owners. The complex meanings these books carried depended on their physical location in the Cornish landscape, and the meaning of that landscape was in turn shaped by the presence of the marked books. Early moderns were adept at creating and interpreting such context-specific assemblages of books which projected autobiographical personae. These habits were a means by which book-users could simultaneously fit themselves to their environments (or “habitats”) and reshape those environments in a reciprocal process of fashioning. Public reputation was an important consideration guiding these practices. This model of the interaction of books, reputation, and habitat can be extended beyond physical locations like Lanhydrock to help understand how early moderns inhabited their economic culture. Customizing books shaped users as agents equipped with the kind of habitus demanded by the “credit economy” and reproduced its moral codes.     

Reframing the “Irish Question”: the role of the Irish co-operative movement in the formation of Irish nationalism, 1900–22

This article examines the role of the Irish co-operative movement in the early twentieth century and argues that it played a crucial role in shaping a popular understanding of the “Irish Question”. This mass-membership movement impacted upon the development of the Irish state and population. By taking this rural, social movement as a lens to analyse Irish society in the early twentieth century, social and economic issues re-emerge as central components to a contemporary understanding of Ireland's increasingly contested position within the Union. As the expectation of some kind of political resolution to demands for political independence grew during the First World War, radical nationalism absorbed a social and economic discourse that originated within the co-operative movement in its critique of the British state as it operated in Ireland. Irish co-operation represented a sophisticated form of political economy that provided an influential ideological platform for Irish nationalists as they anticipated some form of political independence.     

中国共产党早期对私营经济的认识及政策演变(1921～1936)

从建党初期开始,共产党人在探索中国革命道路过程中,不断深化对私营经济在中国社会经济中的性质、地位和作用的认识,并在政治斗争实践中,初步形成了一些关于民族资本主义工商业的方针政策。中国共产党对私营经济早期认识的曲折、反复以及在政策上的摇摆,折射出这一时期共产党人对中国国情认识的逐步深化和对革命发展道路的复杂与艰辛的探索。     

Over a Century of Explorations at Etowah

The Etowah site is one of the larger and more famous Mississippian period mound centers in the American Southeast. Despite the fact that over a century of archaeological investigations have been conducted at the site, its history is not as well-understood as sequences of other major Mississippian centers like Moundville or Cahokia. This is because few attempts have been made to synthesize existing information and place the site in a broader social context. In this paper I review previous research at Etowah and present a reconstruction of the site's history as a chiefdom capital. In attempting to understand that sequence, I draw upon the distinctions made by dual-processual theory concerning the orientation of chiefdom political economies and how they vary. Both the specific history of Etowah and the parallels it shares with the sequences of other chiefdom capitals have important implications for understanding more generally the emergence and operation of ranked societies.     

五代十国时期商业贸易的特点及其局限性

五代十国时期商业贸易的特点主要表现在国内各区域间的贸易比较兴盛,与周边少数民族的贸易有所萎缩;陆上对外贸易萎缩,海上贸易有所发展;官营商业有所发展等方面。用于贸易的商品种类与唐代相比,主要表现在农产品商品化的趋势不断扩大上。这一历史时期商业贸易的局限性表现在缺乏统一的国内市场,商税繁重;战乱和混乱的政治秩序,影响了商业贸易的正常进行;币制杂乱,钱币紧缺,制约了商业贸易的进一步发展。