安徽淮北部分地区出土青铜器的铜矿来源分析

内容提要本文利用地球化学示踪的原理,以特征微量元素作为判别标志,对安徽省淮北部分地区出土的先秦时期铜器的铜料来源进行了初步分析,其中部分样品的铜料可能来自铜陵地区,有的可能来自铜绿山及其它地区。     

广东“南澳Ⅰ号”明代沉船出水铜器腐蚀产物分析

由于海水环境中含有大量氯化物,海洋出水铜器在出水前已发生腐蚀,生成铜的氧化物及氯化物等。本文以广东"南澳Ⅰ号"明代沉船出水的22件铜器残片为研究对象,运用X-射线荧光仪(XRF)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜与能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等分析其腐蚀产物和矿物组成,结果表明腐蚀产物主要为铜的碱式氯化物,如Cu2(OH)3Cl和Cu(OH)Cl等,与国外已有研究成果类似,但Cu(OH)Cl在国外海洋出水铜器腐蚀产物中并不常见。     

炉渣分析揭示古代炼铜技术

对古代炼铜工艺、熔炼过程及其炉渣进行了分类,建立了以铜和硫的赋存状态与相对含量（Cu／S）鉴别炉渣种类,进而结合其它遗迹遗物来揭示古代炼铜技术的研究方法。     

楚金币的发现与研究

本文概述了楚国金币的发现情况,对楚金币的种类、形制、印记、重量与刻文诸问题加以探讨,对楚金币出土情况进行剖析,认为,楚金币是流通中的秤量货币,它与铜贝是主币与辅币的关系;并对楚金币的币材产地、冶炼技术与铸造年代等进行研究。     

Determining the Provenance of native copper artifacts from Northeastern North America: evidence from instrumental neutron activation analysis

The emergence of archaeological interest in native copper in the mid-1800s developed in concert with explanations that privileged the Lake Superior area over other potential sources of copper. Most scholars have thus assumed that when copper artifacts first appeared in Northeastern North America, they arrived as finished implements or were locally made from Lake Superior raw materials. Procurement models that point to Lake Superior as the sole source of native copper have been widely accepted in the absence of systematic large-scale testing. This article evaluates the dominant model for native copper procurement and presents trace element data derived from instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to determine whether hunter-gatherers in the Northeast utilized one dominant source of copper or in fact exploited a number of geological deposits. I specifically report on the chemical characterization of copper from 13 discrete geological deposits and 18 archaeological sites dating to the Late Archaic (ca. 5000–3000 B.P.) and Early Woodland (ca. 3000–2000 B.P.) periods to suggest that the dominant model for native copper procurement is oversimplified.     

Evaluating copper isotope fractionation in the metallurgical operational chain: An experimental approach

Until today, raw material information of copper (Cu) objects is mostly gained from impurities and trace elements and not from the Cu itself. This might be obtained using its stable isotopes. However, isotopic fingerprinting requires the absence of fractionation during the smelting process. The Cu isotope evolution during outdoor smelting experiments with Cu sulphide ore was investigated. It is shown that external materials, in particular furnace lining, clay, manure and sand, alter the isotopic composition of the smelting products. Cu isotopes are fractionated within low viscosity slag derived from matte smelting. The produced metallic Cu has a Cu isotope signature close to the ore.     

商周时期南北方铜矿开采技术比较研究--以鄂赣交界地带和辽西地区为例

本文选取了鄂赣交界地带和辽西地区的4座晚商至西周早中期的古铜矿遗址,分别从探矿技术、开采技术、开采工具、相关配套设施和选矿技术等方面对南北两区域古铜矿的开采技术进行全面比较,并试图从两地的自然环境、矿物品质以及生产组织方式等不同方面来解释出现这种差异的原因。     

A Discussion on the Emergence and Development of Ancient Chinese Artificial Barium Copper Silicate Pigments from Simulation Experiments

The ancient Chinese barium copper silicate minerals mainly comprise Chinese purple (BaCuSi₂O₆) and Chinese blue (BaCuSi₄O₁₀), which were widely used from the late Warring States Period to the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In order to clarify the raw material of the pigment, a series of simulation experiments was conducted to produce Chinese purple pigment under varying mineral conditions. The minerals that we applied in the experiment were quartz as the source of silicon, malachite and copper oxide as the sources of copper, barite and witherite as the sources of barium and lead oxide as the source of lead. Simulation experiments showed that the barium copper silicate minerals and the purple pigment can be produced easily when witherite is used as the barium‐containing raw material. From the perspective of mineral resources, the birth of the ancient Chinese pigment associated with a unique barium mineral resource. The Chinese copper‐based pigments are assumed to have been developed independently and are presumably an outcome of historical developments in glazing techniques.     

云南祥云县检村石棺墓出土铜器的初步研究

为研究滇西地区青铜文化及相关铜器的制作技术,本研究采用扫描电镜和金相分析的方法,对云南祥云检村石棺墓出土的17件样品进行取样分析,结果表明祥云检村石棺墓出土的铜器以红铜为主,少数为Cu-Sn合金。这些器物的制作工艺主要是铸造、铸后冷加工等,制作工艺相对单一。3件编钟均为Cu-Sn合金,并且锡成分具有等比递增的现象。兵器矛经过鉴定后说明由于墓主身份的不同,随葬的矛也有实用器和随葬器两类。农具锸和工具锥和凿的鉴定表明有冷加工或使用过的痕迹,可能曾是实用器;而农具锄经鉴定并没有在农作中使用过,仅作为随葬品,进一步证明随葬铜锄是青铜时代滇西地区的一种丧葬习俗。分析表明,当时已根据不同器物的用途进行了不同的制作和加工。本研究结果对研究滇西青铜文化及金属技术有一定的意义。     

三至六世纪东西文化交流的见证：南朝铜器的科技考古研究

西亚地区的响铜技术何时传入中国及东亚列国,是一个重要的学术问题。经对江苏句容、江都及南京出土的南朝铜器作科技考古研究,发现最迟在南朝刘宋元嘉年间,来自西亚的新型的响铜技术已经在中国南北方地区立足,此后可能相继传入韩国（百济）,并进而到达日本地区。过去,响铜及黄铜（输石）技术的考古学研究作为相对独立的领域在日本受到重视．但中国考古界则鲜有研究。新发现的这批南朝响铜器及黄铜制品时研究3-6世纪时期东西方不同国家和地区的响铜和黄铜（输石）工艺的传播乃至更广泛的文化交流有重要意义。