“Wilderness” revisited: Is Canadian park management moving beyond the “wilderness” ethic?

This paper questions whether the rescaling of conservation practice in Canada to include local and Indigenous communities, NGOs, and private market-based actors represents a move away from wilderness-thinking in conservation, and what implications this might have for the future of conservation in Canada. We explore the links between Cronon's “wilderness” ethic and coloniality, racism/sexism/classism, and political economy, and the extent to which recent trends in conservation practice, such as co-management arrangements, private tourism proposals, and a shift in programming to attract a diverse public to parks, help us to move beyond the limited vision for conservation and environmentalism that the wilderness ethic provides. We interrogate the ways in which the concept of wilderness is being employed, resisted, and transformed by a multitude of actors in three parks and conservation areas across Canada. We argue that although recent developments in conservation practice help to redress some of the worrisome aspects of wilderness-thinking in parks, they also reinforce and re-emphasize problematic lines of thinking and praxis. While the wilderness character of Canadian parks has shifted a great deal since the turn of the 20^th century, the wilderness ethic remains deeply embedded within conservation discourse and practice.     

有机-无机复合疏水型二氧化硅涂层制备及性能

为研究制作保护石质文物的加固材料,采用溶胶-凝胶法,以两种有机硅材料(正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES))为共同前驱体,少量正辛胺为催化剂,聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)(方法 1)或硅烷偶联剂KH-570(方法 2)为有机改性剂,制备了有机-无机复合疏水型Si O2涂层。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和水接触角(WCA)来表征在砖块表面形成的SiO_2膜层化学组成、表面形貌以及疏水性能,然后再通过测试砖块加固前后外观、吸水性能和孔隙率的变化来验证实际加固效果。结果表明,两种方法均可以制备骨架带-CH3基团的SiO_2溶胶。采用方法 1(添加前驱体质量10%的PDMS)或者方法 2(MTES/TEOS质量比为2),加固后的砖块对水接触角均超过140°,毛细吸水率降低到未处理时的1%~2%,并且砖块的色差和光泽度改变较小。通过耐候性能测试表明,方法 2的保护效果相对较好,说明用此种方法合成的疏水性二氧化硅涂层可以作为砖块加固材料。     

Rationalization and Conservation: Ecology and the Management of Nature in the United Kingdom

Nature conservation in the UK comprises not only a response to the perceived impacts of rationalization on nature but is itself a dimension of that process of rationalization. The paper describes the development of conservation institutions and ideologies in the UK and considers the ways in which ecology (and particularly ideas of nature as equilibrium) have provided the intellectual framework for conservation. Ecology underpinned the establishment of government conservation institutions, provided intellectual strategies for classifying and objectifying nature, and provided the knowledge base for the control and management of nature. The paper discusses the implications of non-equilibrial ideas in ecology for ideas and practice in conservation and the implications of responses to them in the form of re-rationalization.     

Disconnected Nature: The Scaling Up of African Wildlife Foundation and its Impacts on Biodiversity Conservation and Local Livelihoods

Abstract: Much has been written about the resource crisis facing the conservation movement if it is to scale up successfully to face what are perceived as global threats such as biodiversity loss, poverty and climate change. But what happens to conservation organizations when they successfully scale up, and what are the impacts on biodiversity and local people? This paper attempts to chart the successful scaling up of an international conservation NGO, the African Wildlife Foundation, and examines the implications of this on its performance in community‐based wildlife conservation in Tanzania.     

烧制温度对红砖物理力学性质的影响

在多年自然营力作用下,有些古建筑的砖体正遭受着严重的风化破坏,亟需修复和加固。为此,通过试验,研究烧制温度对红砖物理力学性质的影响,以期为古建筑修复和保护提供理论参考。利用模具手工制作边长为5 cm的立方体黏土砖。利用高温炉分别在700、800、900、1 000和1 100℃的温度下烧制成红砖。然后,测试不同烧制温度下红砖的块体密度、颗粒密度、开孔孔隙率、总孔隙率、常压吸水率、饱和吸水率、毛细吸水系数、纵波波速、孔径分布、单轴抗压强度。结果表明,烧制温度会影响物理力学性质,但物理力学性质并非随着烧制温度的增加而改善。烧制温度为1 100℃时砖的性能最优,烧制温度为800℃和900℃时砖的性能中等,烧制温度为700℃和1 000℃时砖的性能差。本文分析了烧制温度为1 000℃时红砖的物理力学性质差的原因。研究结果可为古建筑修复和保护提供理论参考。     

元“月明沧海”琴的修复

"月明沧海"琴为上海博物馆藏品,元至正壬辰(公元1352年)制造。琴额部有两处木质缺洞,木质纤维素腐烂,蛀眼19个,额部其它部位漆颜色暗淡,琴左侧面下方、琴额背面均有缺损。对这件古琴制定修复方案,并开展清洁、处理蛀洞、分析灰胎、加固、补配、批灰、涂漆、打磨、做旧等保护修复工艺流程。结果表明,传统修复工艺与现代科学技术检测的结合,使此件文物的修复工作相当成功。     

The Untold Heritage Value and Significance of Replicas

This article focuses on the fraught questions surrounding replicas and their use in heritage contexts, drawing on an in-depth qualitative study of a historic replica, the 1970 concrete St John’s Cross, Iona. We examine how replicas ‘work’ and unravel the part that social relations, place, and materiality play in the production and negotiation of their authenticity. The research shows that replicas are important objects in their own right, acquiring value, authenticity, and aura. The ‘life’ of a replica generates networks of relationships between people, places, and things, including the original historic object. While the underlying human stories of creativity, skill, and craftsmanship are rendered invisible when replicas are treated as mere surrogates, we argue that these ‘life-stories’ should be incorporated into future conservation, management and interpretation. The article spells out practical advice and guidance for heritage professionals who find themselves dealing with replicas.     

Neoliberal Capitalism and Conservation in the Post‐crisis Era: The Dialectics of “Green” and “Un‐green” Grabbing in Greece and the UK

“Green‐grabbing”, in which environmental arguments support expropriation of land and resources, is a recognized element in neoliberal conservation. However, capitalism's strategic interest in promoting the neoliberalization of conservation is accompanied by attempts to exploit hitherto protected natures without any pretence at “greenness”. In this paper we explore the dialectics between “green” and “un‐green” grabbing as neoliberal strategies in the reconstruction of nature conservation policies after the 2008 financial “crash” in Greece and the UK. In both countries, accelerated neoliberalization is manifested in diverse ways, including initiatives to roll back conservation regulation, market‐based approaches to “saving” nature and the privatization of public nature assets. The intensification of “green” and “un‐green” grabbing reflects capitalism's strategic interest in both promoting and obstructing nature conservation, ultimately leaving for “protected natures” two choices: either to be further degraded to boost growth or to be “saved” through their deeper inclusion as commodities visible to the market.     

学术自由与制度保障——以中央研究院为例

民国时期的中央研究院,从创制思想、机构设置到制度运行,逐步形成了一套较为完备和运行良好的学术自由制度体系.这样的安排,使中央研究院成为近代中国充分尊重学术自由,并予以制度保障的典范.但是,由于国民政府的干预,加上各种因素的影响,中央研究院事实上所能维护和保障的,也只能是院内的一片"自由"的天空.     

论观景台之作用、保护与制度建设

观景台是人类经选择从事观察景物活动的最佳场所,其形式多样,既有天然观景台,也有人工观望台,还有的观景台本身即是景观。观景台对所观察到的遗产能发挥促进保护的作用,因此,既是一类重要的文化遗产保护对象,更是一类可以发挥重要作用的保护手段,可以纳入文化遗产保护的制度建设。