Fighting the Risorgimento: foreign volunteers in southern Italy (1860–63)

Abstract

Between 1860 and 1863 hundreds of men from all over Europe volunteered for service in the wars of southern ‘brigands’ on behalf of the exiled King Francis II of Naples. In an attempt to correct the often biased interpretation of this involvement (that was attributed simply to a thirst for adventure, romanticism or even psychological disorder) that coloured the accounts by Italian patriots, this essay suggests the need for fresh consideration. It develops three lines of inquiry that focus respectively on the strong impact of Italian Unification on conservative and Catholic opinion and the ways in which these sources portrayed the struggles of the southern insurgents, the clumsy efforts made by the Neapolitan government-in-exile to recruit volunteers and organize armed expeditions against the former kingdom, and the so-called ‘white international’ in which the warriors of the counter-revolution were depicted as combatants in conflicts that were both civil wars and at the same time episodes in a much longer international ideological struggle. In this context, the significance of foreign involvement in defence of the Neapolitan Bourbons takes on a significance that goes far beyond its poor military outcome.     

论全面建设小康社会与共同富裕的统一性

全面建设小康社会与共同富裕是辩证统一的。邓小平当年提出的小康社会就是共同富裕的社会,全面建设小康社会的目标就是共同富裕的目标,全面建设小康社会和共同富裕都是社会主义现代化建设的重要内容,全面小康和共同富裕在实现途径上都要把发展作为第一要务。     

Does Nature Pluralize?

Abstract

In this article, I argue against understanding and treating nature as external. Arguing against such externality of nature, I suggest that the human situation is best understood by reference to postnatural right. As abstract and revolutionary, such right is critical, leveling, and teleological. This forms the basis of a formative metaphysics that I proceed to test against the concept of the common good and a recent theological engagement with climate change. At the conclusion, I argue that the plurality of nature recommends understanding society as a “greater society” that in turn has implications for how we think about civil society.     

前资本主义社会历史规律的求索——马克先生与历史比较研究

马克先生是我国历史比较研究的开拓者之一。多年来,他基于“前资本主义诸形态的政治经济学”的学术构想,开创出宽阔的“求同”学术理路,对中西封建社会进行诸多深入的比较考察。他在这一领域中的重要建树,在很大程度上廓清了西方学理模式的偏见及其对我国史学界的影响,深化了对封建时代中西历史异同的认识,促进了对封建社会历史规律的探索,推动了中国史学界历史比较研究的发展。     

“翰林”、“盈”字款白瓷研究

本文在前人研究的基础上,通过对传世及出土文物进行梳理及查阅古文献资料,对“翰林”、“盈”字款白瓷的年代、产地及涵义等问题进行了探讨。“翰林”、“盈”字与唐代宫廷设置的翰林院及大盈库(百宝大盈库)有关,署这两种款识的白瓷是唐代邢窑专门为宫廷烧造的贡品,其年代当在开元以后,唐朝灭亡后不复烧造。其烧造地点在今河北省内丘县城关一带。“翰林”、“盈”字款白瓷是研究唐代邢窑生产性质及唐代社会政治、经济的重要实物资料。     

Chemical profiling of a 130-year-old manuscript reveals the early use of synthetic lead white correction fluid in ancient China

In practice, correction fluid to mask text errors has been continuously in demand since papers began to be predominantly used since the late fourth century AD in ancient China. However, research on the trajectory of correction fluid composition has been largely overlooked and has not been revealed currently. In this study, a multianalytical approach was used to investigate a thin whiteout layer, used as correction fluids applied in 1890, on a book page from the famous Imperial Encyclopedia (1726 bronze-type repaint version). The results showed that the white layer was composed of hydrocerussite ((PbCO₃)₂·Pb (OH)₂) in mixture with plant oil and a tiny portion of calcium carbonate, which had been applied to conceal the originally printed Chinese characters upon which they were rewritten in preparing photographic negatives for reprinting using photolithography. The analysis results also suggest that lead white was likely domestically made using a local lead ore source by the wet synthetic process. Considering the prolonged use of orpiment (As₂S₃) as a correction fluid ingredient in Chinese tradition, a trajectory to lead white suggests not only advances in pulping and papermaking technology but also a shift in cultural habits and aesthetic psychology in the late Qing Dynasty.     

中国民窑青花论

生产于景德镇民营手工作坊内,供当时民众使用的青花瓷器,在瓷器发展史上具有重要意义。     

Why Does Polycentric Governance Work for Some Project Sites and Not Others? Explaining the Sustainability of Tramline Projects in the Philippines

Why are some tramlines, as human-made common pool resources, sustained while others are not, even under a similar polycentric governance structure? Do the institutional design principles of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework explain these different outcomes? The National Tramline Program is a national rural infrastructure development project started in 2009 by the research institute of the Department of Agriculture in the Philippines. Using originally collected survey data and employing mixed methods, we examine the determinants of the operational status of tramlines by comparing successful and failed cases. Building upon the IAD framework and polycentric governance for common pool resource management, we demonstrate that in addition to the farmers’ commitment to collective actions, the institutional characteristics of micro-institutions, namely, the democratic selection of a leader for the farmers’ associations, are key to sustaining tramlines. Furthermore, case studies of both success and failure illustrate that the active involvement of municipal local governments and the presence of coordination among related agencies at various levels are essential for maintaining tramlines as human-made common pool resources.     

浑源青瓷窑瓷塑举例

浑源窑是十世纪中期以后辽国烧造陶瓷的一处重要遗址。除了独具风格的镶嵌青瓷以外,其白瓷中的瓷塑类作品在造型和烧造上都发展得较为成熟,所生产的可以把玩和穿戴的人形、动物形玩具,佛像、观音等供器以及生活用具等,都充分体现了其成熟的艺术特色。     

郑州新天地唐墓(M6)发掘简报

2008年,郑州市文物考古研究院为配合郑州市基本建设,发掘清理了一批唐代墓葬,其中M6出土了陶俑、墓志等14件遗物,其中的两匹扬蹄白陶马为郑洛地区所少见,殊为珍贵,为唐墓研究提供了新资料。