青海民和县出土马家窑文化彩陶的科学分析研究

为了解青海民和回族土族自治县(以下简称民和县)阳山墓地(半山类型)和马牌墓地(马厂类型)出土的马家窑文化彩陶颜料成分及制作工艺,采用偏光显微技术、显微拉曼光谱、X射线衍射及扫描电镜-能谱对其进行综合分析。结果表明:民和县马家窑文化彩陶黑彩的呈色物相为磁铁矿和黑锰矿;红彩的呈色物相为赤铁矿;白彩的呈色物相为石英;黑彩的Fe/Mn比值,从半山时期的0.31增长到马厂时期的2.45左右,Fe/Mn比值呈现上升趋势。民和县铁矿颜料的应用是继化隆县纳卡遗址发现的又一实例,为研究矿物颜料在甘青地区史前时期彩陶中的使用历史提供重要的线索。结合地质文献资料,推测青海民和县所使用的矿物颜料为就近取材。陶胎岩相主要由石英、长石、角闪石及碳酸钙组成;以强烈铁染为特征;孔隙较多,大多拉长定向分布;在900℃左右焙烧成器。在此基础上将对甘肃和青海地区史前彩陶岩相组成进行对比研究,深入探析彩陶贸易及陶器产地信息,进而为陶器的研究与保护提供依据。     

Portuguese Blue‐on‐Blue 16th–17th Century Pottery

Blue‐on‐blue (‘berettino’) sherds have appeared in numerous production and consumption archaeological excavations in Lisbon and other archaeological sites in Portugal (dated from the mid‐16th century to the beginning of the 17th century). The abundance of this interesting faience led us to compare it with similar pottery from other well‐known production centres in Italy, namely Liguria (Savona and Albisola), Spain (the Triana kilns) and the Low Countries. Differences in the diffraction patterns of the sherds' pastes from the four countries were observed. In most samples, cobalt blue silicate (cobalt olivine) was identified in the dark blue or light blue glazes through the use of micro‐Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectra. A remarkable difference in the calcite contents of the Lisbon and Seville pottery sherds was observed, in accordance with previous observations of high calcite contents of Seville ceramics. A comparison was also made for all of the blue‐on‐blue sherds studied here with many other 16th–17th century sherds from Lisbon using bivariate plots of K/Si versus Ca/Si. Lisbon and Seville pottery behave very differently, whereas sherds from Italy and the Low Countries occupy intermediate positions.     

How housing,infrastructure and water determined the spatial structure of the Randstad

Between 1950 and 1990, housing was the driving force behind the spatial growth of the Randstad. Growth poles (1970s) and later VINEX locations (1990–2010) were the main components of growth management. Transport infrastructure has developed greatly since the 1920s. Since 1990, infrastructure development has increasingly become the structuring force for the spatial dynamics of the Randstad. Schiphol was seen as the mainport for airlines, and Rotterdam-Europoort as the mainport for shipping lines and container transport. The landside infrastructural connections for Schiphol and Europoort had a big impact on the growth in the capacity of continental roads and rail lines. ICT- and energy infrastructure are now developing quickly. Recently, Amsterdam Internet Exchange became the largest ICT node in Europe. Finally, the Delta programme was introduced, strengthening the coastal areas and leaving more room for the rivers. For the future, a combination of housing, infrastructure and water for spatial developments will determine the spatial structure of the Randstad further. A compartmentalized plan of the Randstad between the main dikes is presented, which will increase the resilience of functions of the Randstad in the future when the North Sea level is expected to rise substantially. The analysis presented could be relevant for many urban deltas worldwide.     

Material evidence for the use of Attic white-ground lekythoi ceramics in cremation burials

White-ground lekythoi ceramics offer important evidence for funeral practices in Ancient Greece (5th century BC). The images painted-on these oil containers provide the best visual narrative for the events surrounding death, including indications that the vessels themselves were used as part of the funerary rites. However, until now, their specific function and treatment within the funeral ceremony was not well understood. We present here material evidence that the vessels were ritually burned, together with the body of the deceased, during cremation, as evidenced by a diffuse purplish-red discolouration found on many white-ground lekythoi. Through EPMA and μXAS studies, we show that: (1) this characteristic purplish-red discolouration is due to the presence of metallic copper nano-particles embedded in a glassy layer; (2) this metal-glass matrix formed as the result of a high temperature reaction between painted-on Cu-based pigments (e.g., Egyptian blue) and the white-ground ceramic slip; and (3) the reaction occurred under a reducing environment. Given the mortuary context for these vessels, we propose the reduction firing to which the vessels were exposed was that associated with the cremation of the body. The observation of discontinuous formation of the purplish-red discolouration along adjoining fragments supports the hypothesis that the vessels were broken prior to being burned. The majority of lekythoi in museum collections lack information on their original archaeological context, and our data suggest the presence of this purplish-red discolouration may serve as a visual marker for cremation. As such, it is expected our findings will provide a new basis for interpreting how this important class of ceramic, and associated iconographic imagery, relates to Athenian funerary practices and the ancient Greek notion of death.     

袁世凯蓝呢礼服上蓝色染料的分析研究

文中采用拉曼光谱分析法和薄层色谱法,对河南博物院院藏衰世凯蓝呢礼服上蓝色染料的化学成分进行了分析.研究结果显示,衰世凯蓝呢礼服上蓝色染料的化学成分为合成靛蓝,说明了合成靛蓝染色布料在当时中国已经开始出现,这在科技史和考古学上具有重要意义.     

铅丹、朱砂及其混合物紫外光致变色的电化学及光谱研究

铅丹(Pb₃O₄)和朱砂(HgS)是古代壁画和彩绘上常用的红色颜料,它们的变色是文物保护工作者、策展人和艺术史学家长期关注的问题。但由于其所处环境复杂,影响因素众多,这些颜料的变色机理的研究较为困难。为了探究紫外光照对这些颜料的影响,采用电化学方法和控制环境的紫外老化模拟实验研究了铅丹、朱砂及其混合物的光降解过程,并利用拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对实验样品进行分析。电化学实验中铅丹受405 nm激光照射出现还原电流,朱砂出现氧化电流。紫外老化实验确认了铅丹在光照下的还原反应,反应产物为碳酸铅(PbCO₃)和碱式碳酸铅[Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂]。因此,光照会引起铅丹发生还原反应,引起朱砂发生氧化反应,两种颜料表现出典型的半导体性质。另外,光化学反应动力学结果显示,掺杂朱砂可能会加快铅丹的光降解过程。     

汉口徽商与社会风尚--以《汉口丛谈》为例

从<汉口丛谈>的记载可以看出,汉口徽商与扬州徽商的基本特征还是相同的,由于地理位置的不同,也由于作者关注事物眼光的不同,我们看到的汉口徽商有着一些与扬州徽商稍微不同的生活方式和精神风貌,地域的烙印比较明显.     

关于青花起源的思考

关于青花的起源,长期来一直有中国起源说和外来技术影响说两种意见。本文着重从低温釉陶生产技术源流和对青料的使用出发,论证了最早出现在巩县窑的唐青花瓷器,只是北魏以来低温釉陶生产技术在新条件下的新产物。认定唐青花的出现是外来绘画理论和绘画技术影响中国艺坛的结果。     

四川广元千佛崖石窟绿色颜料分析研究

千佛崖石窟位于广元市城北5㎞嘉陵江东岸,现存54窟、819龛、大小造像7000余身,这些珍贵文化遗产具有极高的艺术及科研价值。2008年由于受到汶川地震的影响,很多彩绘佛造像损毁情况严重,修复工作亟待进行。为此,本研究以四川千佛崖采集的7个样品的绿色颜料为研究对象,利用金相显微分析、偏光显微分析、拉曼光谱分析技术对其进行物象和成分分析。分析结果表明,千佛崖采用的绿色颜料主要为人工合成的氯铜矿和石绿,还有少量的巴黎绿,且处于颜料最外层,应为近代重新修复所施加的;同时,对于碱式氯化铜及其相关物质、石绿、巴黎绿在中国的使用情况及其应用特点进行探讨,以期对后期的保护工作提供借鉴作用。     

孔雀蓝釉技术源流考辨

孔雀蓝釉是中国陶瓷低温釉体系中重要的环节,正是由于孔雀蓝釉的配制,我国低温釉出现了以氧化钾作为熔剂的技术手段,为后来景德镇釉上彩的彩料配制奠定了技术基础。孔雀蓝釉的技术来源尚没有清楚的认识,学者大多推测中国孔雀蓝釉的生产受到了伊斯兰陶孔雀蓝釉的影响。但现有对金元时期我国孔雀蓝釉的检测表明有多种配方共存的情况,这一现象说明当时孔雀蓝釉的生产并没有统一技术。笔者通过对孔雀蓝釉出土文物的时间与产地特征,以及对琉璃瓦生产工艺演变的考察,认为我国孔雀蓝釉是在低温铅釉琉璃的助熔剂"黄丹"的制作工艺演变过程中增加硝形成的,到元代中期以后配方探索才逐渐完成,形成了以硝为主要助熔剂的制作工艺。