Clays of Contention: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Factionalism and Clay Composition

This ethnoarchaeological study examines sociopolitical constraints on traditional pottery production in Paradijon, southern Luzon, the Philippines. Factionalism divided the potting community as it became involved in elite competition and dictated that the two potting factions acquire clays from sources controlled by elite alliance partners. This study examines patterning in instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) data in relationship to the involvement of independent craft specialists in elite competition. Patterning of INAA data at community and regional levels is found, illustrating the middle-range links between sociopolitical behavior of potters and patterns in clay composition. INAA patterning among clay preparation areas appears dependent on whether a preparation area is in public or private space. Regionally, primary markets express INAA signals from both factions, whereas secondary markets reflect potter participation of a particular faction.     

Sediments exposed to high temperatures: reconstructing pyrotechnological processes in Late Bronze and Iron Age Strata at Tel Dor (Israel)

Many of the sediments analysed from Tel Dor (Israel) show structural alterations indicating that they were exposed to high temperatures. This observation is consistent with the abundant evidence for use of pyrotechnology from the earliest exposed Middle Bronze Age strata through the Roman period. Such structurally altered sediments may well represent one of the more widespread and durable records of pyrotechnology, and as such could be invaluable for reconstructing past human activities. The specific aims of this research are therefore to develop the means for identifying local sediments that were altered by different pyrotechnological activities and to elucidate the varying circumstances whereby sediments were exposed to high temperatures in a Late Bronze and Iron Age 1 section.     

特制绢地书画作品修复——以清代莫晋绢本书法立轴为例

特制绢地书画作品的修复历来是一大难题,因困于材料的特殊性与稀缺性,如寻觅不到同类补绢,就较难实现理想的修复效果。清代莫晋绢本书法立轴的画心材质为一种经过涂布、染色、描绘等工艺制成的特制绢本,因保存不当,画心已出现严重断裂残缺、部分涂层填料脱落等劣化现象,亟需修复保护。但画心用绢的质地和颜色特殊,无法找到与之接近的补绢。本次修复通过对绢的表面涂层进行检测分析,并参阅传统纸张再加工材料的检测报告和研究文献,再结合对材料的老化实验等,确定将瓷土和高岭土按一定比例混合来代替原涂层中的铅白作为本次修复的涂布材料。最后通过对修补涂层的全色,取得较为理想的修复效果。     

临水窑白底黑花瓷器的工艺演变

临水窑是磁州窑系中重要的窑口,在中国古代北方窑业发展和演变的历史上,有着举足轻重的地位。本文较为系统地分析了宋代、金代、元代时期临水窑白底黑(褐)花样品的物理性质、显微结构、化学成分等信息,探讨了临水窑宋、金、元白底黑花瓷器的工艺特点及其演变规律。结果表明:临水窑各年代白底釉下彩绘样品在胎与釉之间均施有化妆土;同时宋金时期样品化妆土的厚度整体略高于元代样品,且厚度相对均匀;成分分析表明,临水窑样品化妆土具有高K低Na特点,而不同年代的化妆土成分略有变化。总体说来,宋金时期的烧制工艺高于元代。     

Combining New Awareness and Public Support for Archaeology with In Situ Preservation of an Archaeological Monument

Preserving archaeological remains in situ is one of the main objectives of the Valletta Treaty, which was signed by the Dutch government in 1992. Subsequently, preservation in situ has become one of the pillars of archaeological heritage management in the Netherlands. Another objective of the Treaty is the promotion of heritage education and raising of public awareness for the protection and investigation of archaeological heritage. Until recently, this goal has received too little attention. The design and building of an underground visitor centre, DOMunder, raised an important question: How can we transform an archaeological monument into an asset for the community and at the same time ensure long-lasting preservation? Not many parallels exist, as most archaeological sites in urban environments are seen as a burden for development. Sites are generally either excavated or left in situ; in both cases the archaeology remains invisible and inaccessible to the public. In the case of DOMunder, the location in a wet sedimentary environment provided even more challenges. This paper focuses on a few of the many questions and problems that were raised before and during the building process and the (preliminary) answers and solutions.     

Interpreting Socioeconomic Changes in 17th-Century England and Port Royal, Jamaica, Through Analysis of the Port Royal Kaolin Clay Pipes

The Port Royal pipes reflect a growing consumerism in 17th-century English economy. The desire for tobacco fueled a tobacco-growing economy in the Chesapeake colonies, which then contributed to England's economic growth. This growth was aided by small preindustrial manufactures like clay pipes, which helped supplement family household incomes, so that small luxuries could be purchased. Along with tobacco smoking, novel types of food and drink were consumed, resulting in the adoption of new customs and habits, particularly in frequenting public institutions like coffeehouses and taverns in both England and Port Royal.     

奉国寺泥塑X射线照相检测及初步研究

辽宁省义县奉国寺是我国现存三大辽代寺院之一,其大雄殿内的彩绘泥塑群是辽代泥塑的代表,具有一千多年的历史。目前,这批泥塑出现了倾斜、泥层开裂、木骨架外露等问题,亟待保护修复。本研究通过X射线照相检测,获得了泥塑的内部结构、病害发育和修复痕迹等信息,这些信息对于泥塑的保护修复工作具有重要的参考价值。另外,还对比了胶片成像和计算机X射线成像系统成像两种方式的优缺点,讨论了泥塑X射线照相检测影响因素,研究结果对于其他文物的X射线照相检测具有一定参考价值。     

陕西韩城普照寺彩绘泥塑制作材料与工艺研究

普照寺位于陕西省韩城市,寺内现存有五尊精美绝伦的元代彩绘泥塑。为了解普照寺彩绘泥塑制作材料与工艺,采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微红外光谱仪、显微拉曼光谱仪、扫描电镜-能谱仪和X光照相等技术手段进行科学分析。结果表明,普照寺彩绘泥塑内部结构为十字型交叉木骨架,粗泥层和细泥层塑土矿物成分基本一致,具有强度高、抗风化能力强和可塑性好的特点;粗泥加筋材料为麦秸秆和麦粒壳,细泥加筋材料为棉和麻;颜料层显色成分除蓝色外均为古代壁画常见的矿物颜料,存在重层重彩情况。研究结果将为普照寺彩绘泥塑的后续保护修复提供科学依据,并为陕西地区元代彩绘泥塑传统工艺的研究补充科学信息。     

古代彩塑和壁画中植物纤维种类鉴别

针对古代彩塑泥层和壁画地仗中植物纤维种类鉴定技术欠缺的现状,开发出一套以纤维横截面细胞形貌识别为基础的植物纤维种类鉴别方法。从秸秆类植物的化学脱胶技术、提取单根纤维、纤维横截面切片,以及纤维截面细胞形貌对比等开展了系列研究。将该方法应用于彩塑泥层和壁画地仗中常见的9种植物纤维：麦秸秆、稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、高粱秸、黄麻、亚麻、苎麻、剑麻和棉花,并以宁夏须弥山石窟以及甘肃麦积山石窟的彩塑文物样品中取出的纤维标本为例进行了鉴定。结果表明：须弥山石窟彩塑粗泥层中的植物纤维为小麦与黄麻,细泥层中的为苎麻,彩塑佛像手指中的为棉花;麦积山彩塑泥层中含有麦秸秆。研究结果证明本方法可以应用于文物样品中植物纤维种类鉴别。     

古建筑烧结粘土砖性能检测的超声波方法研究

烧结粘土砖作为中国古建筑使用最广泛的材料之一,现有的机械物理性能检测方法多为破坏性的,采用超声波无损检测法则可以最大程度保证砖的完整性。因此,本工作对比了试验台、砖表面平整度以及砖湿度等客观条件对超声波无损检测方法的影响,确定了超声波法检测古代粘土砖性能的操作流程。在初步测定采自山西南部及香港某古建筑的砖性能后发现,超声波无损技术可以标定砖的机械物理性能,并能判断同类型砖的不同劣化程度。超声波无损检测过程可以很好地保证古代砖的完整性,不会对古建筑造成破坏,而且具有便携性。研究结果表明,超声波无损检测是可以推广应用的古建筑勘察及质量监测技术。