Preparing an archaeological field survey: Remote sensing interpretation for herding structures in the Southern Levant

Development of archaeological “virtual surveys” using online satellite imagery allows the identification of an increasing number and diversity of data. Coherent procedures are now essential in the preparation of any field study: estimating archaeological potential, gathering and mapping environmental features, and building hypotheses about settlement location and settlement patterns. In this article, we propose methods aimed at developing tools to describe and measure the different elements of pastoral archaeological structures in southern Syria, and quantifying the importance of these structures in the landscape and natural environment. Our thematic case study is the pastoral settlement pattern in the Leja, a basaltic region in southern Syria.     

Application of Non-Destructive Techniques in the Inspection of Wooden Structures of Protected Buildings: The Case of Nuestra Señora de los Dolores Church (Isla Cristina,Huelva)

This study describes a thorough inspection of a 20th century church in the town of Isla Cristina (in the province of Huelva, southwestern Spain), which is currently awaiting restoration. The study indicates the damage processes at work in the building structure materials (brick, concrete, steel, and wood), which are closely related to its geographical location, and analyses the deterioration of the wooden roof structure. The analysis of the wooden roof includes the results of an inspection methodology on a protected building based on traditional techniques such as visual inspection and innovative non-destructive inspection techniques (visual classification, ultrasounds and thermography). Fieldwork consisted of the visual classification of the wooden pieces according to Spanish standard UNE 56544:2007 specifications after which ultrasound and thermography techniques were applied on-site. A second stage involved laboratory tests (anatomic identification, density and bending strength) using wood samples extracted from the structure in order to check the values for the physical and mechanical properties previously recorded by non-destructive techniques (NDT). These non-destructive techniques are used in inspections of the wooden roofs of buildings to identify dampness, deterioration, density loss and defects as a means of assessing their conservation status. This work concludes that the use of ultrasound and thermography techniques constitute an accurate diagnostic tool for the on-site inspection of wooden structures and the evaluation of their condition. Thermography identifies different materials and moisture content while ultrasound detects the various degrees of deterioration and density-loss in areas of the wood with high moisture content.     

Discrete Element Modeling of Stone Masonry Walls With Varying Core Conditions: Prince of Wales Fort Case Study

The Prince of Wales Fort was constructed in the 18th century as a Vauban style stone masonry fortification where the Churchill River flows into Hudson’s Bay, across the river from Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Since completion the fort has been exposed to harsh weather conditions, which have led to significant deterioration and deformations in the walls, with some cases of localized collapse. Recently, an increase in the rate of degradation has made preventative conservation an issue of interest. For this conservation to be possible, an understanding of the cause of failure of the walls is first required. Discrete element modeling (DEM) using the non-smooth contact dynamics (NSCD) method utilized in the Program LMGC90 has been used as a first step in understanding the failure mechanism of the wall system. The results of the modeling show that the rubble core of the walls can transition from stability to instability as the cohesion between the stones is altered. Grouting the core will alter the bond between stones, increasing the stability of the core, and is thus one possible conservation method.     

Murujuga,Northwestern Australia: When Arid Hunter-Gatherers Became Coastal Foragers

ABSTRACT

The Dampier Archipelago (Murujuga) in northwestern Australia is a rich rock art province located in an arid-maritime cultural landscape. The archipelago juts into the Indian Ocean just north of the Tropic of Capricorn. When people started inscribing this rugged granophyre landscape it was an inland range more than 100 km from the coast. Murujuga rock art is contextualized by a 47,000-year-old occupation sequence from the Pilbara, a model for stylistic change, and a predictive model that envisages how people may have adapted to this eventual seascape. Initial testing of an outer island suggests that highly mobile coastal foragers took advantage of interior ranges across the Abydos Plain as sea levels rose after the Last Glacial Maximum. This article describes for the first time evidence for Australia's earliest domestic stone structures (dated to between 8063 and 7355 cal BP) and tests the predictive model. Rosemary Island is an inscribed landscape that reveals the emergence of an arid island and provides insights into the dynamics of mobile arid hunter-fisher-gatherers in the early Holocene. It adds to the body of Australian evidence for island abandonment with insulation, but with minimal evidence for subsequent (re)colonization.     

Simulation of Shake Table Tests on Out-of-Plane Masonry Buildings. Part (IV): Macro and Micro FEM Based Approaches

ABSTRACT

This article presents a study on the out-of-plane response of two masonry structures without box behavior tested in a shaking table. Two numerical approaches were defined for the evaluation, namely macro-modeling and simplified micro-modeling. As a first step of this study, static nonlinear analyses were performed for the macro models in order to assess the out-of-plane response of masonry structures due to incremental loading. For these analyses, mesh size and material model dependency was discussed. Subsequently, dynamic nonlinear analyses with time integration were carried out, aiming at evaluating the collapse mechanism and at comparing it to the experimental response. Finally, nonlinear static and dynamic analyses were also performed for the simplified micro models. It was observed that these numerical techniques correctly simulate the in-plane response. The collapse mechanism of the stone masonry model is in good agreement with the experimental response. However, there are some inconsistencies regarding the out-of-plane behavior of the brick masonry model, which required further validation.     

旅游循环经济的发展理念与运行体系研究

发展旅游循环经济是旅游业中实现经济、社会、环境"三赢"的旅游发展模式。发展旅游循环经济可实现资源的持续利用,提升旅游产业效益,实现旅游可持续发展。发展旅游循环经济应树立系统观、新经济观、新价值观、新生产观和新消费观,构建起发展旅游循环经济的动力系统、支持保障系统、参与层面系统等,促进旅游循环经济的模式系统良性发展,达到旅游循环经济的目标系统。     

论藏品信息

藏品信息是博物馆藏品工作的新课题。本文从宏观的角度,分析了藏品信息的意义、要素、结构、分类、著录规则和标准化等一系列问题。     

高新技术产业开发区与城市经济空间结构演变

本文从高新区作为城市一个功能单元的空间属性出发,在总结高新区经济活动与城市经济相互作用关系的基础上,归纳出高新区与城市经济互动关系在空间上的表现,并进一步分析了空间结构上的变化给城市空间效益带来的影响。     

Regional embeddedness,relatedness and inter-regional linkages among less developed regions in Central Europe

This paper aims at a comprehension of existing intra-/inter-regional production flows in a dynamically transforming, export-oriented economy in Central Europe. Drawing on evolutionary economic geography combined with input–output approaches, we have assessed the sectoral compositions and relationships between regions from a buyer-supplier interactions perspective. Inspired by contemporary literature we applied concepts of regional embeddedness, relatedness and vertically related variety. Conceptually we argue that the degree of embeddedness of regions is differentiated and spatially non-random. The differences will depend to a large extent on the economic characteristics and on the ability of key actors and institutions in these regions to respond actively to changing opportunities and threats. Empirically we have found: that economically more developed regions are relatively more embedded in terms of production flows and have greater sectoral variety, whereas regions with high export-dependence are economically backward, and have higher concentration of industry and negative associations with innovation activity and overall innovation potential. The intensity of interregional production flows increases as the regional economies vary more from each other, but beyond a certain level of structural difference the rate of mutual flows decreases; and that the intensity of interregional relations depends on the relatedness of the economic bases.     

The Roots and Achievements of the Early Proto‐Sunni Movement: A Profile and Interpretation

In recent years, the term “proto‐Sunni” has become common in scholarship on the early centuries of Islam. Drawing on categories developed by Peter Berger, this study seeks to move toward a more inclusive portrait of the early proto‐Sunni movement and a more organic understanding of the movement's success. It argues that owing to the erosion of several of the “plausibility structures” of earliest Islam, three tendencies emerged among the proto‐Sunnis between the early 8^th and mid‐9^th centuries C.E.: proto‐Sunnis as traditionist ?ulamā?, proto‐Sunnis as pious ascetics, and proto‐Sunnis as volunteer holy warriors. The prestige acquired through their activities in these areas enabled the early proto‐Sunnis to “objectify” and “legitimize” new plausibility structures which would prove decisive to an eventual Sunni consensus.