Exploring a Bayesian method for examining the regional ceramic sequence along the Georgia Coast

This report presents an exploratory Bayesian modeling program of a recently compiled radiocarbon database for the Georgia Coast. Through use of the region’s well-established ceramic sequence as the a priori modeling framework, a refined temporal sequence for the region is presented. The model demonstrates gaps in the radiocarbon record between the Late Archaic and Refuge periods, the Deptford and Wilmington periods, and the Wilmington and St. Catherines periods. The model also suggests that the Savannah period wholly subsumes the St. Catherines period. Although biases exist based on the nature of the radiocarbon database utilized, the model demonstrates the utility of reinvestigating regional chronological sequences as well as the use of legacy radiocarbon data.     

The age of the Dalton culture: a Bayesian analysis of the radiocarbon data

ABSTRACT

Since a radiocarbon chronology of the Dalton culture in the Southeast was first proposed, several new sites have been dated. I propose a new chronology based on radiocarbon dates from sites in the Dalton Heartland and its eastern periphery using Bayesian statistical models in OxCal and an analysis of the associated diagnostic projectile points. The analyses indicate that the Dalton culture probably evolved from the Clovis or Gainey phenomena about 12,680?cal?BP (ca. 10,700?BP) and lasted at least until ca. 10,400?cal?BP (ca. 9,200?BP), if not several centuries later. I propose early and late Dalton phases that follow changes in how Dalton points were made and resharpened. It appears that the people living to the east of the Heartland followed a different trajectory of projectile point evolution. There, notched points appear about 11,500?cal?BP, while in the Heartland, true notched points do not appear in large numbers until the Graham Cave point over 2,000 years later. The chronologies demonstrate that early, coeval, region-wide cultural changes may not have been the norm. They also raise interesting questions about how people in the Heartland and its eastern periphery interacted.     

Homeric Resonances

Abstract

This “Homeric” appreciation of Catherine Zuckert's Plato's Philosophers focuses on the significance of the revised chronology for reading the Platonic dialogues and how this changes the conventional understanding of the relation between Plato and Socrates: Plato become Socrates' biographer, not his replacement.     

Late Holocene Human Expansion into Near and Remote Oceania: A Bayesian Model of the Chronologies of the Mariana Islands and Bismarck Archipelago

Since the investigations of Spoehr in the 1950s, most researchers have accepted a date of ～3500 BP/1500 BC for the initial human settlement of the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific. The relationship of this early expansion beyond Island Southeast Asia, characterized by Lapita-like pottery, to the appearance of Lapita in Near Oceania, generally was either given little thought or largely ignored. The Lapita settlement of Near Oceania is almost universally regarded as the initial expansion of Austronesian speakers into the Pacific, followed a few centuries later by a rapid migration to the east into Remote Oceania. More recently, however, radiocarbon evidence from several sites suggests that initial late Holocene expansion into the Pacific occurred in the Mariana Islands. This hypothesis needs critical evaluation. To this end, we created site- and region-level Bayesian calibration models. Results estimate that initial Lapita occupation of the Mussau Islands in the Bismarck Archipelago occurred between 3535 and 3234 cal BP (95% probability), which is 50–385 years (95% probability) earlier than the initial settlement of the Mariana Islands, dated to 3230–3085 cal BP (95% probability). Additionally, settlement of the Mariana Islands was either coeval or later (?66 to 254 years [95% probability]) than Lapita expansion out of Mussau into the greater Bismarck archipelago between 3397 and 3115 cal BP (95% probability). Radiocarbon datasets from these regions are hampered by problematic samples, and we anticipate that additional reliable radiocarbon dates will refine these estimates.     

Chronological Sequences in Nigerian Ceramics

Ceramic sequences are useful tools for chronology and culture history in many parts of the world but are lacking in Nigeria. The few published seriations of ceramic assemblages suffer from modes of presentation that make comparison difficult. Useful seriations require quantified sherd collections recovered from stratified deposits as frameworks, presented in a way that facilitates comparison to new assemblages and preferably calibrated by chronological indicators such as radiocarbon assays or cross-datable artifacts (e.g., European imports). Ceramic collections from three areas of Nigeria meet the minimal criteria: the Kainji Reservoir, Benin, and the Lake Chad region. This paper considers the data from each region and offers ceramic seriations as models for further testing and refinement toward the development of regional culture sequences. Les séquences des céramiques sont les instruments utiles pour faire la chronologie et l'histoire culturelle en diverses régions du monde, mais on les manque du Nigeria. Les rares sériations imprimées des ensembles des céramiques souffrent des présentations qui rendent difficiles les comparaisons. Les sériations utiles demandent les ensembles des tessons quantifiés et récupérés des dépots stratifiés pour établir un modèle, donnés afin de faciliter la comparaison avec des ensembles nouveaux, et de préférence calibrés par les indicateurs de la chronologie comme les dates du radiocarbon ou les objets datés ailleurs (e.g., les importations européennes). Les ensembles de tessons de trois régions de Nigeria remplissent les critères minimaux: le Réservoir Kainji, Bénin, et la région du Lac Chad. Cette étude discute les données de chaque région, et propose les sériations des céramiques comme modèles qu'on peut mettre à l'épreuve des comparaisons pour mener au développement des séquences culturelles régionales.     

盠驹尊与昭王南征——兼论相关铜器的年代

本文主要讨论了盠驹尊铭文的时代和内容,根据盠驹尊铭文所载历日和中方鼎、遣卣——记载昭王伐楚事迹的青铜器——所载历日的联系,我们认为盠驹尊是在昭王末年伐楚期间制作的,盠驹尊的器主"盠"和逑鼎的"惠仲盠父"为同一人。文中还讨论了相关青铜器如同簋、师遽方彝、师襑簋盖的年代。     

A comprehensive numerical chronology for the pre-Columbian cultures of the Palpa valleys,south coast of Peru

Before the arrival of the Spaniards in Peru in 1532, many different societies flourished in the coastal desert of southern Peru. Of these, one of the best known is the Nasca culture (living in the area between about 260 cal BC and 640 cal BC.), which created the famous geoglyphs on the desert floor. In this paper we present a numerical chronology for the cultural development in the valleys of Palpa, in the northern part of the Nazca region, which spans the time from the Archaic Period (starting there around 3760 cal BC) to the Late Intermediate Period (terminating with the arrival of the Spaniards in 1532 AD). The chronology is based on more than 150 ¹⁴C samples collected by our project from well-documented archaeological excavations of 17 different sites in and around Palpa. Thanks to the advanced AMS-¹⁴C dating technique, demanding only few milligrams of organic material, we could focus on samples of plants, like beans, corn, or reed, representing single years of growth or use, and also on delicate materials like straw from clay bricks (adobe) and textiles. All single ¹⁴C dates were combined to cultural phases using a Bayesian statistical model, implementing the a priori information of the archaeological contexts, and adopting the relative ceramic chronologies available for this area.     

A Revolution in Plato Scholarship

Abstract

Catherine Zuckert's new book on Plato is a monumental work that should revolutionize Plato scholarship. I argue that its principal claims about ordering Plato's dialogues according to their dramatic chronology and about the development of Socrates in relation to Plato's other philosophers are highly plausible and powerfully presented. The book also makes the case for Socrates as “Plato's hero” whose greatness lies in understanding the human realm of the noble and the good independently of cosmology or metaphysics; and it challenges us to ask if Plato and Catherine Zuckert embrace this model of Socratic philosophy as the highest and happiest way of life.