20世纪90年代的中国军事变革

20世纪90年代,中国充分利用世界军事变革的形势和冷战结束后相对和平的环境,紧跟世界潮流,全面推进了具有中国特色的新军事变革:及时调整军事战略方针,形成了军事变革的总体规划和设计;大胆进行理论创新,充分发挥了理论的先导作用;自力更生发展"杀手锏",提高了武器装备的信忠化水平;以人为本,人才先行,培养出大批高素质的人才;调整体制编制,压缩军队规模,优化了部队结构。经过近十年的努力,中国新军事变革取得巨大的成就,缩短了同美、俄等国军事力量的差距,同时也为新世纪新军事变革的继续深入奠定了坚实的基础。     

‘’Tis Not in the Power of Words to Tell What My Heart Feels in Favour of You’; or,What the Ossulston Diary Does Not Reveal

Charles Bennet, 2nd Baron Ossulston is largely known through his diary of his daily social encounters, which was first analysed for its political import by Clyve Jones. A further set of documents in the Bennet family papers deepens our understanding of Ossulston's life and his social milieu among the aristocracy under Queen Anne. The love letters sent to him from a Mrs Sarah Sidney throughout 1710 reveal much about life in the aristocratic hothouse of St James's Square. They also show how the ‘ministerial revolution’ of that year was seen by two politically conversant figures at the margins of the royal court. This relationship was long-lasting and has been a hitherto unknown aspect of Ossulston's life, which may help explain some of his attitudes.     

新中国妇女地位的历史巨变

新中国废除了一切歧视、压迫妇女的法律,并赋予女子同男子平等的法律地位,妇女的地位发生了翻天覆地的变化,主要表现为:妇女的政治地位明显提高;妇女获得了经济独立权;妇女受教育水平不断提高;妇女的婚姻家庭地位明显提高;妇女的特殊权益受到保护。虽然受社会发展水平的制约和旧观念的影响,中国妇女的状况还有许多不尽如人意的地方,我们仍然相信未来中国妇女的地位将会更上一层楼。     

20世纪60年代中加小麦贸易对中国的重要意义

1960年中国首次从加拿大进口粮食度荒,并由此改变此前的粮食自给自足现状。中 加小麦贸易不仅可以巩固粮食安全、促进农业改革,也可使中国重返加拿大与西方市场,使外贸渠 道多样化,同时还促进了中加建交、打破美国的封锁孤立政策。     

Entheseal Changes in Free‐Ranging Versus Zoo Reindeer—Observing Activity Status of Reindeer

We evaluate whether entheseal changes (EC) can be used to reconstruct activity among reindeer to study its domestication. Humans influence reindeer activity patterns through corralling, which renders them less mobile than free‐ranging reindeer and through use as draught animals, which can result in overuse of certain muscles. There is also variation within free‐ranging reindeer in baseline activity levels due to environmental factors. Other sources of variation at entheses include age, sex, pathology, size, and genetic disposition. Here we examine if there are differences in the entheses between zoo versus free‐ranging reindeer. We recorded the entheses of reindeer long bones using a modified EC scoring system. Weight effects were accounted for by performing analyses separately for specimens under and over 95 kg, but unfortunately age information was lacking. We found that several flexor muscle insertion sites in the ulna were more developed among free‐ranging reindeer. This difference is likely due to feeding behaviour. The free‐ranging animals were digging for lichen from under the snow whereas the zoo reindeer were fed by their keepers. This difference in entheses, however, was found to be significant only among the heavier reindeer. Among the zoo reindeer, the insertion for Subscapularis muscle was more developed, possibly due to increased time spent immobile with the shoulder‐bracing muscle apparatus activated. This difference was significant among the heavier deer and nearly statistically significant among the lighter weight reindeer. Domesticated Siberian draught reindeer fell between zoo and free‐ranging reindeer in several tibial entheses. According to these results, some forelimb entheses may be useful to study differences in mobility and feeding patterns between groups of reindeer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大高玄殿建筑群变迁考略

大高玄殿始建于明代嘉靖二十一年,殿内供三清等道教诸神,是明世宗建造用于祈祷斋醮的一座皇家道观。清代沿用,仍作为皇帝拈香祈拜之所。乾隆朝,曾对大高玄殿建筑进行局部调整,但宫殿主体格局未变,一直保持至清代末年。民国以后,为了便利交通,拆除了山门外的牌楼和音乐亭,其他宫殿保存至今。这些宫殿建筑类型齐全,大木结构各具特色,反映了明代中期建筑营造的技艺水平;宫殿的平面布局以及遗存的建筑彩画、石质雕刻等具有鲜明的皇家道观特点。这处曾作为皇家宗教活动重要场所的明清宫殿建筑群,无论在宫廷建筑史还是宗教史领域都有较高的研究价值。     

澳门关闸的历史变迁

明朝万历二年(1574年)明朝官府兴建的关闸,位于莲花茎上,是古代澳门地区与内地交通的咽喉,具有重要的军事意义和经济意义。本文利用相关历史文献并结合中外历史地图、古旧照片资料,详细分析了明朝官府设置关闸的时间、位置和目的,明清官府对关闸的重建和修缮,关闸的建筑特色和门禁制度,以及澳门新关闸建成的时间、建筑形制及其作用的变化,从多个视角展现了澳门关闸的历史变迁过程。     

古籍新证的典范——论于省吾先生的《周易》研究

本文对于省吾先生的《周易》研究进行了回顾与评价,总结出五个特点,这些特点对于今天的易学研究者很有借鉴意义,有助于推动易学研究的深入发展。     

The Kvarnbo Hall: Reconsidering the Importance of the Late Iron Age Åland Islands

This article accounts for and contextualizes a newly discovered monumental longhouse, a potential hall from the Late Iron Age, on the Åland Islands, Finland. The 45 m long building and its location are discussed in regional and historical context, in comparison to the full data set of coeval houses on Åland, and are argued to signal a social stratification, manifesting a higher level of achievement in this Late Iron Age society. This is further examined in the context of Iron Age settlement development. A rapid and large-scale colonization to Åland, evident in the middle of the first millennium AD, is for the first time explanatorily discussed, addressing the question of why this process occurred. Sudden population growth is linked in part to large-scale climatic disturbances, with fatal consequences in those areas of heavy agricultural dependency, forcing population movement to Åland driven by the presence of maritime resources, particularly seals, and available land.     

Archaeological human hair in a burial context: Microscopical evaluation of samples from Iași,Romania (18th–19th centuries)

Owing to its resistance to degradation, hair is an important bio-sample with unique properties used to study post mortem decompositional changes. The present paper is a microscopical approach to preserved human scalp hair discovered at the 18th–19th-century archaeological site of Iași, Romania. The hair fibre alterations were assessed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, image analysis and hair histological scores. External alterations showed a statistically significant heterogeneous degradation. Image analysis results of the internal degradation of hairs were correlated to external lesions. The results consider the implication of intrinsic biological factors in the post mortem degradation of human hair preserved in graves with comparable environmental conditions.