The impact of the opening of Tianjin on economic changes in its hinterland

Although the opening of Tianjin was forced, it actually accelerated the connection of Tianjin and its hinterland with the international market. The opening brought great changes to the structure of agriculture, animal husbandry, and industry and commerce in the hinterland; encouraged the development of market orientation and international orientation in the hinterland’s economy; and greatly improved the occupational organization and income of most farmers and herdsmen. The opening resulted in great progress for the whole modern economy of the hinterland and thereby provided an exemplary case for the study of problems related to the economic modernization process of China. __________ Translated from: Shixue Yuekan 史学月刊 (Journal of Historical Science), No. 1, 2004     

Regionalizing global trade patterns, 1981–2001: application of a new method

This paper investigates the establishment of trading regions in the global economy at the national level using a measure of trade intensity and a regional assignment algorithm that generates economically meaningful trading regions. Although there is definite regionalization in the global economy with regard to international trade, there is no evidence of an increase in the concentration of that regionalization over time. The geography of international trade is incredibly dynamic, with change related to political, historical and economic forces. Overall, trading regions have relatively few members and are increasingly a set of geographically close countries.     

Emprise et déprise de l'agriculture sur le territoire de l'est de l'Ontario de 1826 à 2006: la dimension environnementale

Agricultural land‐cover changes in Eastern Ontario from 1826 to 2006: environmental effects. Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry (SDG) counties, Eastern Ontario, are among the first areas in Ontario to welcome settlers. In 1784, they established themselves in a forested land where wetlands are very important. Today, a large part of the wetlands has disappeared, but the landscape is wooded, masking the radical changes that took place over the course of the last two centuries. Analysis of census data from 1826 to 2006 allows the reconstruction of the history of land‐cover changes. It reveals the nature and rates of change for which a first analysis is presented. Four periods are identified. First, agriculture conquers the land and establishes its dominance. A plateau is reached in 1891 as agriculture maintains its supremacy until 1941. Then, as fast as agriculture invaded land, it fades away until 1986 when agricultural land‐cover stops shrinking. The opening of forest for cultivation was relatively slow in SDG because of biophysical and socio‐economical conditions associated with an absence of growth of agricultural population. Deforestation and wetland drainage led to a degradation of agricultural life but resulted in consideration of the environment in agriculture. Today, wooded and agricultural land covers are more balanced and environmental effects less acute.     

Pneumonic Plagues,Environmental Changes,and the International Fur Trade: The Retreat of Tarbagan Marmots from Northwest Manchuria, 1900s-30s

Inspired by recent environmental historical studies on animal extinctions and human-animal relations, this paper shifts scholarly attention from the plague-centered narrative of the great Pneumonic Plague Epidemics (1910-11) to the fate of the plague host animals, Tarbagan marmots (Marmota sibirica), and examines their near-extinction in Northwest Manchuria (Hulunbuir) from the 1900s to 1930s. Focusing on changing images of Tarbagan marmots from “inexpensive,” “sacred,” and “beneficial” in the pre-modern period to “valuable,” “dangerous,” and “noxious” in the early twentieth century, it argues that three interrelated factors: the international fur trade, pneumonic plagues, and environment changes together resulted in the “retreat of the marmots.” It also uses this case study to help us better understand larger historical changes that occurred by contextualizing them in terms of human-marmot relations in Manchuria, China and beyond.     

中国企业对日投资现状及其演变

进入21世纪,中国企业的海外投资出现跳跃式增长,海外投资已经成为中国维持经济可持续增长和国际化的关键。中国企业的对日投资在经历了从无到有、由小渐大的缓慢增长历程后,随着中日经贸关系的好转,开始出现新的发展势头。本文将以中国企业海外投资的大环境为背景,以中国企业对日投资的战略推移和演变为方向,结合近几年投资现状和具体案例,探讨中国企业对日投资的最新进展及态势。     

灞河中下游河道历史变迁及其环境影响

灞河是西安市东部渭河支流,古都长安重要的天然屏障。灞河河道历史变迁及其环境影响研究是西安历史环境研究的重要内容。文章研究了灞河中下游河道的历史演变和环境影响,认为毛西村以上灞河中游河道演变主要表现为河道下切、西移,通过研究灞河右岸阶地,计算出了灞河中游河道自形成以来的西移、下切量。中游河道变迁产生的环境影响主要是白鹿原原边崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害严重。毛西村以下的下游河道秦汉以来河道位置比较稳定,文章提出汉代灞桥在段家村、下水腰村一带,汉代漕渠在解放村附近与灞河相交。历史上灞河下游河道变迁主要表现为河床淤积抬高,隋初至元代淤积量为2米左右,元代至清代淤积量为2.68米。河道淤积影响下游桥梁、渠道安全,沿河洪水灾害威胁严重。河道淤积的主要原因是历史上伴随蓝田县人口快速增加,秦岭植被遭到严重破坏,水土流失加剧。     

清代江南乡村的水利兴替与环境变化——以平湖横桥堰为中心

本文着重考察江南乡村的水利环境与社会变迁,从观察平湖县横桥堰为中心的区域背景入手,解析有清一代与江南的众多水利设施有着相似情况的横桥堰及其周边社会,特别是将环境变化置于自然与社会两方面考察,分析其对水利设施屡次兴复和周期性堙废的深刻影响;详细说明乡村水利与社会各阶层的诸种关系,尤其是以官绅阶层为代表的各类人物,在地方水利事业重建过程中的不同表现,而府、县两级地方行政官员的更替出现与影响,也在此过程中得以清晰地展示,从而建构起一个小地方的水利社会史,真切地感受当时的社会与环境变化,并据此略窥清代中国地方社会的一些重要生活侧面。     

慕陵拟建方城明楼史实探赜

道光帝的慕陵是清代最特殊的帝陵,先前曾因东陵宝华峪地宫浸水而废弃,后又于西陵龙泉峪重建,规制并“概从撙节”,自出机杼。本文探究道光帝对传统帝陵规制大加裁削的原由,指出咸丰帝即位后曾拟建慕陵明楼方城,并详加规划,最终却在各种因素掣肘下偃旗息鼓。     

汉晋变迁考古学研究的地域意义——以安徽马鞍山地区吴晋墓葬为材料

分区是考古学研究常用的方法,在历史考古学研究中,因文献记载的详细、考古材料的连续、集中,使具体地点的考古学分区研究有了进一步细化的可能。安徽马鞍山地区吴晋墓葬在孙吴和东晋两个时期有着显著的区域特征,这与该地特殊的区位有着很大的关联,而这些规律的总结正体现出汉晋变迁考古学研究的地域意义,从而对历史考古学研究的方法进行有意探讨。     

New fossil helorid wasps (Hymenoptera,Proctotrupoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China

Li, L., Shih, C. & Ren, D., February 2017. New fossil helorid wasps (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Alcheringa 41, 474–486. ISSN 0311-5518

Two new genera with two new species, Bellohelorus fortis and Novhelorus macilentus, and one new species, Protocyrtus parilis, within an established genus are described. Laiyanghelorus erymnus is re-described based on well-preserved specimens from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Huangbanjigou Village, Beipiao City, Western Liaoning Province, China. Three taxonomic changes are proposed: Liaoropronia Zhang & Zhang is transferred from Roproniidae to Heloridae, and Novhelorus saltatrix (Shi, Zhao, Shih & Ren) and Spherogaster beipiaoensis (Shi, Zhao, Shih & Ren) are recombined. In addition, Gurvanhelorus mongolicus Rasnitsyn is tentatively considered a synonym of Protocyrtus validus Zhang & Zhang. A key to all genera of Heloridae is provided. All described helorid fossils with their distribution and geological age are summarized. Key forewing characters are compared for all fossil species to show the interspecific venational differences, which highlight a high level of genus-level diversity among Mesozoic helorids.

Longfeng Li [fenger4499@163.com], Chungkun Shih* [chungkun.shih@gmail.com] and Dong Ren [rendong@mail.cnu.edu.cn], College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China. *Also affiliated with Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA. Received 20.4.2016; revised 19.9.2016; accepted 11.11.2016.