一批中国古代镶嵌玻璃珠化学成分的检测报告

结合外束质子激发X荧光（proton induced X-ray emission,PIXE）和能量色散X射线荧光（energy dispersive X-ray emission,EDXRF）分析技术,对中国新疆、湖北、四川、广东出土的古代镶嵌玻璃珠的化学成分进行了检测.结果表明：新疆拜城克孜尔墓地出土的西周-春秋时期镶嵌玻璃珠为CaO-MgO-SiO2玻璃,战国时期中国境内的PbO-BaO-SiO2和Na2O-CaO-SiO2镶嵌玻璃珠是同时存在的.本文亦对相关问题进行了一些讨论,并提出了部分今后的工作建议.     

用微探针型EDXRF技术研究南宋官窑瓷片的化学组成及其含义

本文报道了用ENGLE-Ⅱ微探针能量色散型X荧光光谱（EDXRF）技术测定一批青瓷残片中的16种元素氧化物的含量．其残片来自浙江杭州地区南宋的郊坛窑和老虎洞窑。由主量元素判别方程。值表明,郊坛和老虎洞青釉瓷均属官窑制品,与龙泉民窑产品有很大差别。从主成分统计分析看出．郊坛下官窑与老虎洞官窑的瓷釉成分有明显不同,但其胎质成分的分布却有部分的重叠。这显示两类同属官窑的制品,其釉料可有不同的矿物组合。但胎料有时会交流使用。从釉层、中间层、和胎层的Al2O3和CaO的含量变化数据表明,郊坛下官窑和老虎洞官窑的青瓷制品有厚度分别为120-140um和230-240μm的中间层,反映出烧造工艺上有一定的差别。化学成分鉴定证实了考古工作者认为老虎洞窑实为史书记载的修内司官窑的观点．     

青海省工业科技创新能力建设刍议

本文通过分析“十五”期间青海省工业科技能力建设取得的成绩和存在的问题,提出了进一步提高工业科技创新能力的目标、建设任务和保证措施。     

中国古代失蜡铸造起源问题的思考

迄今为止,中国发现的最早期失蜡铸件,属春秋晚期器,技术已相当复杂。早期的、技术较原始的失蜡铸件并未发现。中国失蜡法的起始年代和原始技术仍是一个学术悬案。近年来发现了一批早至商晚期的中原和长江中下游青铜器,其纹饰或附件的成形无法按陶范法解释。按技术特征分类,计有通体为难于脱范的模纹;模纹内宽外窄;模纹边缘上翘和绳索状附件缺少范线等4种。对4种现象进行了讨论,并作了部份模拟试验,据此提出：中国失蜡法起源于“焚失法”;焚失法最早见于商晚期;这种技术在无范线失蜡法出现之后逐渐消亡;至春秋中晚期,无范线失蜡法已相当成熟。     

青海瞿昙寺瞿昙殿壁画制作材料与工艺初步分析

青海瞿昙寺是中原地区至今保存较完整,集古建、雕刻彩绘和壁画于一体的明代早期官式建筑群。瞿昙寺瞿昙殿现存壁画约217.5 m²,是中原地区经典的明代早期藏传佛教壁画,具有珍贵的历史和学术研究价值。本研究通过显微镜(OM)、剖面分析(Cross-section)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等多种分析方法,对瞿昙寺瞿昙殿壁画制作材料及工艺开展了初步调查分析。结果显示:瞿昙殿壁画以砖墙体为支撑体,地仗层由粗泥层和细泥层组成;地仗中粗细泥层含沙量不等,粗泥层含沙量约60%,细泥层含沙量较少,约为16%～25%;地仗层中总体纤维含量为3%左右;地仗土粒度级配良好,粒径多集中在1~100 μm之间;地仗中含少量硫酸钠和氯化钠;瞿昙殿壁画使用颜料主要为铅丹、朱砂、氯铜矿、副氯铜矿、石青等矿物颜料,颜料层厚度20～200 μm之间;铅丹颜料在瞿昙殿中出现“章丹打底银朱盖面”的分层应用以及铅丹变色的现象;瞿昙殿壁画中明代壁画无底色层,清代乾隆时期壁画有底色层。本次分析研究获得瞿昙殿壁画层位、地仗组成和颜料使用信息,为瞿昙殿壁画科学保护和深入研究提供重要的第一手资料。     

故宫藏清代挂屏镶嵌玻璃饰件的科学分析

清代镶嵌器物数量巨大且种类繁多,玻璃是其中一种重要的镶嵌材料。为探讨清代镶嵌玻璃饰件的成分特征和加工工艺,本工作采用微区X射线荧光能谱、扫描电子显微镜、显微共聚焦拉曼光谱、激光诱导击穿光谱等方法,对故宫馆藏清代紫檀木边嵌玉石楼阁挂屏上的6件镶嵌玻璃饰件进行了初步分析,结果表明:6件玻璃饰件属于K₂O-CaO-SiO₂体系,以石英岩引入SiO₂作玻璃基体,硝石作助熔剂引入K₂O,CaO有方解石和萤石两个主要来源;深蓝色玻璃着色元素为钴,浅蓝色玻璃着色元素为铜,蓝绿色玻璃为铜和铁共同着色,4件玻璃饰件乳浊剂均为CaF₂;黄色玻璃以铅锡黄为着色剂并乳浊剂。通过显微形貌观察结合档案记载,认为镶嵌玻璃饰件是在熔制好的玻璃块上经过二次加工而成,加工工艺采用了中国古代传统的治玉工艺。研究结果可为清代镶嵌工艺及玻璃制作工艺的研究提供佐证。     

Thin-folded Shell for the Renewal of Existing Wooden Roofs

In this article, a technique for the renewal of historic building wooden roofs is presented. The solution can be used for the strengthening of existing wooden roofs against excessive lateral thrusts on the peripheral wall or for the recovery of the attics, as it allows removing the existing structural elements, such as possible wooden truss-works of no artistic value. With minor adaptations, the solution can be addressed to enhance the building seismic performance. The technique is minimally impairing on existing buildings and can be applied also in new constructions.

The technique is based on the construction of a thin folded shell, overlaying the existing pitches. Emphasis is given to lightweight folded shells, obtained by overlaying thin plywood panels on the existing roof rafters and planks, without modifying the overall architectural layout.

The technique conceptual design is discussed and a simplified analytical method is proposed, which allows for the clarification of the role of each structural component and can be adopted for the folded shell proportioning and design. The analytical results are validated against numerical results obtained with reference to some case studies. Ultimately, emphasis is given to the detailing, whose correct execution is mandatory for the success of the proposed structural intervention.     

壁画菌害主要种群之分子生物学技术检测

微生物是影响古代壁画安全保存与展示的一个重要因素,其检测是壁画保护研究的重要环节。分子生物学技术通过直接分析微生物遗传物质确定种属,可以避免传统检测技术必需的微生物培养过程,不仅快速、全面,更重要的是能够确定主要致病菌。本研究用分子生物学技术检测中国北方两个5世纪壁画墓,确定导致壁画菌害的主要种群为假诺卡氏菌(Pseudonocardia sp.),为微生物病害治理和预防提供了基本依据。     

唐代宝花狮纹锦织物的特点和复制

通过分析唐代宝花狮纹锦各项参数,确定它须由大花偻束综提花机制织,据此复原出这项织造技术．并成功复制出宝花狮纹锦。从而可以推断,随着丝绸之路的畅通,唐代中西方商品、文化、技术交流紧密,大花楼束综提花技术已经开始应用,以此为基础．丝绸品种从以前的经锦过渡剑纬锦,织物图案的艺术表现力得以增强．提花织机的生产效率也得到提高。     

HINTS ABOUT SITE AMPLIFICATION EFFECTS COMPARING MACROSEISMIC HAZARD ESTIMATE WITH MICROTREMOR MEASUREMENTS: THE AGRI VALLEY (ITALY) EXAMPLE

We approach from a new standpoint the problem of estimating seismic hazard for some towns and villages located in Val d'Agri area (Southern Italy) that in the past have been affected by several seismic events. The estimates are carried out using a method that is based on the analysis of site seismic history extracted from macroseismic catalogues. To study the influence of site effects two different procedures have been performed: in the first, seismic hazard estimates have been deduced from epicentral data only, in the second, intensity data actually observed at the site are also considered. The difference between the two estimates can be correlated with local variations of seismic response due to local geological features which are responsible for possible cases of amplification. In order to validate the presence of such correlation, seismic hazard estimates have been compared to site amplification measurements obtained by using the HVSR (Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio) technique. Our findings reveal a good correlation between seismic hazard enhancements and the presence of site amplification effects. The application of this kind of analysis to the Val d'Agri area has pointed out that the joint estimates of site seismic hazard enhancement and HVSR measurements could be a helpful tool to identify problems related to seismic microzonation.