初中数学教学“探究式学习”研究

学生创造性思维的产生,有赖于心理自由。建立和谐、民主的学习氛围,便是为学生营造探究式学习的快乐天地,激起学生自主学习的欲望,使学生成为学习的真正主人。将自己对数学的探究内化为一种需要,一种乐趣和一种强的内驱力。     

在初中语文教学中培养学生的自主学习能力

时代的发展和教育改革的不断深入,要求我们在教学过程中应注重培养学生的独立性和主动性,引导学生质疑、调查、探究,在实践中学习,促进学生在教师的指导下主动地、富有个性地学习。教师是学生成长的引导者、学生发展的领路入,雨学生本人才是学习的主人、发展的主体。     

清代科布多官学考

乾隆三十二年,清廷在漠北乌里雅苏台和科布多两地设立官学,要求蒙古王公按季入班学习,后改为一年六班,每年选取二十余人,学习内容为满蒙文翻译、法令、办事程式和礼仪等。该官学不在清朝学校系统内,不分等级,不考核,不参加科举,无专门教习和统一教材。乌里雅苏台—科布多官学脱胎于蒙古王公在衙门的值班制度,是值班制度的副产品。清朝在科布多设立官学的目的是让各部王公入班帮助参赞大臣处理事务,顺便学习满蒙文翻译和起草文件,以更好地协助参赞大臣,进一步在中央边疆治理中发挥作用。至清末,因清政府财力吃紧,再加上官学未能达到预期效果而被裁撤。     

The “historical question” at the end of the Scottish Enlightenment: Dugald Stewart on the natural origin of religion,universal consent,and religious diversity

ABSTRACT

This study examines the leading early nineteenth-century Scottish moral philosopher Dugald Stewart’s discussion of the origin and development of religion. Stewart developed his account in his final work, The Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers of Man (1828), in an effort to show that the fact that polytheism was the first religion of humankind does not undermine the truth of monotheism. He wrote in response to similar discussions presented in David Hume’s “Natural History of Religion” (1757), which argued for the primacy of polytheism, and Stewart’s old moral philosophy tutor Adam Ferguson’s Principles of Moral and Political Science (1792), which argued for the primacy of monotheism. Stewart accepted the conclusions of the Scots’ enlightened study of religion, which argued for truth of Hume’s account, but aimed to reassert many of the natural theological arguments about the naturalness of religion that the “Natural History” had challenged. Stewart’s discussion acts as a useful way by which we can assess the achievement of the literati’s study of religion.     

The longitudinal study of land-use at Acconia: Placing the fieldwork of the survey archaeologist in time

Abstract

This article presents the results of the longitudinal study of land-use conducted at Acconia in southern Italy between 1980 and 2007. This is the first of several articles planned on the landscape dynamics that took place there over a span of 27 years. Here we trace the sequence of the steps in the work of the Acconia Survey and the evolution in our thinking that led to the start of the longitudinal study, outline the fieldwork conducted at Acconia in 2007 and 2008, and present the changes in land-use that took place between the first mapping in 1980 and the fourth one in 2007. The final section considers some of the implications of what we have observed for the development of method and theory in survey archaeology. One of the main conclusions to emerge from the longitudinal study is that the work of the survey archaeologist should be seen as situated in time.     

Geoarchaeology of Ancient Aulis (Boeotia,Central Greece): human occupation and Holocene landscape changes

This article presents the results of a coring operation which brought to light new evidence for the evolution of the coastal plain of Aulis (Boeotia, Central Greece) in the Holocene. Thanks to Homer, Aulis is best known as the gathering point of the Achaean fleet before it sailed to Troy and a sanctuary of the goddess Artemis. Ancient sources and archaeological evidence suggest the presence of an ancient marine bay, potentially used as a harbor. In the course of investigation, we drilled two cores, to a maximum depth of 4.20 m in the marshy lowlands and performed mollusc and micro-paleontological identifications, laser grain size analyses, and magnetic susceptibility measurements in order to reveal the facies evolution of the area. We obtained a chronostratigraphy sequence through a series of seven AMS ¹⁴C radiocarbon dates. Our study shows that the area was affected by a shallow marine incursion from the first half of the 6th millennium BC and gradually turned into a succession of shallow marine/lagoon environments from ca. 5000 cal. BC to the 2nd Century AD, and into a confined lagoon environment during the Roman and Byzantine periods.     

社会建构主义视角下的区域：研究综述与启示

区域一直是地理学研究的核心概念。近些年来，如同“空间”和“地方”在本体论和认识论的变化，“区域”的含义也受到了由空间分析范式转变所带来的挑战和修正。基于这种背景，本文梳理了从社会建构主义视角理解区域问题的相关文献，并归纳了主要研究议题。研究发现：区域的含义逐渐从封闭性、有边界的、稳定的领域性特征转向开放性、可渗透的、流动的关系性特征。当前区域的社会建构的研究议题主要包括区域身份的形成与建构、区域的制度化与去制度化、区域化与区域发展三个方面。值得指出的是，区域的社会建构不是要摒弃区域具有固定领域形状的观点，而是要看到经济、社会和政治力量对区域变化的影响，理解区域是制度化、社会建构和政治上存在争议的空间。更重要在于，探讨区域在领域性和关系性之间的相互作用并对区域发展的影响。此外，文章试图廓清“区域”和“地方”这两个术语在人文地理研究中的区别和联系。最后讨论了运用社会建构主义视角看待区域问题的方法论意义，并进一步提出了国内未来研究值得关注的方向。     

Yangjiao or the ��Other��? Christianity and Chinese society in the second half of the nineteenth century

This article explores the relationship between Christianity and Chinese society in the second half of the nineteenth century by re-examining the primary sources of anti-Christian movements. The first part shows how Christian churches broke the dominance of the Qing government over local society. Conflicts between Christianity and Chinese religion were often transformed into political confrontations between churches and the Qing bureaucracy. The second part analyzes how Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism interpreted Christianity, with an emphasis on how to understand the perception of Christianity in Chinese society. Exploring broader societal perceptions of Christianity—and not just those expressed in the writings of the Confucian literati—allows for a more nuanced understanding of Chinese interpretations of Christianity. The third part studies the relationship between churches and Chinese religious sects. On the one hand, in the language of anti-Christian movements such as those of the Zaili and Cai sects, Christianity was the hateful “Other.” On the other hand, in the process of preaching Christianity, churches themselves experienced a period of transmutation: they recruited into the church not only non-religious civilians but also the followers of popular religions. For a long period, Christianity was called yangjiao, the “foreign religion,” making it the “Other.” Missionaries started to feel an urgency to reject their identity as the “Other” after the harrowing experience of the Boxer Movement.     

中国城乡居民国内旅游消费水平和消费结构比较研究

国内旅游一直是中国旅游的主要构成部分,对拉动内需、促进全国经济增长的作用日益凸显,因此,研究中国国内旅游消费意义重大。本文依据2001-2008年《中国旅游统计年鉴》和《中国国内旅游抽样调查资料》,比较分析了中国城乡居民的国内旅游消费水平和消费结构,发现两者之间存在诸多差异,并对其原因进行了分析。在此基础上,提出了中国城乡居民国内旅游消费水平提升和消费结构优化的路径:提高城乡居民可自由支配收入、合理制定景区门票价格、优化旅游产品结构、加强旅游消费引导。     

清史研究与政治

清史研究自始就与政治纠缠在一起,反满革命、反帝爱国、反修、革命与继续革命,都在影响着它的研究进程、学术质量。政治对于学术研究有正负两方面的作用,它可以创造条件进行有限度的学术研究;然而它的指导思想也可能让学术研究偏离学术轨道,走向伪科学。学术研究不可能完全脱离政治,学术研究为政治服务的提法不可取,“学术研究,独立思考,实事求是”的提法可能好一些。