北魏墓室所见孝子画像与“东园”探考

本文主要就北魏墓室所见孝子画像与“东园”及“东园秘器”的关系作了探究。“东园”是北魏沿袭汉晋传统设立的专司皇室及贵族丧葬事宜的最高机构,由其制作的秘器称“东园秘器”,北魏时期对之多有赏赐,见诸文献者共计36件。“东园”对平城与洛阳两地的丧葬观念及葬具制作具有重要影响。司马金龙漆围屏是平城“东园”的遗物,元谧石棺、洛阳古代艺术馆藏升仙石棺为洛地“东园”的遗品,宁懋石室、固原漆棺的制作与图像刻画则受到了“东园”的影响,卢氏石围屏及其他几件刻画有孝子图的葬具也可能出自“东园”或与之存在联系。“东园”在北魏迁洛后续纳晋及南朝早期绘画传统,同时融汇部分佛教与袄教内容,在平城“东园”传统的基础上发展出包蕴多种文化因素的葬具图像,其中既有传统的升仙题材,也有儒家的孝子及佛教的摩尼宝珠等。在众多画像题材中,孝子仅为其中的一部分,它或者相对独立,或者与其他画像组合,形成两种不同的图像形式,且并不因墓主身份的贵贱而有高下之别或专属某一社会阶层。     

Between rocks and a hard place: prehistoric funerary practices at Wādī Ḍebayʿān,northern Qatar

Archaeological survey by the Qatar National Historic Environment Record Project (QNHER) in 2009, led to the discovery of a Neolithic flint scatter, a settlement and an ancient, raised shoreline associated with higher, mid‐Holocene sea levels at Wādī ?ebay?ān, north‐western Qatar (Al‐Naimi et al. 2010, 2011; Cuttler, Tetlow & Al‐Naimi 2011). The QNHER project is a collaboration between Qatar Museums and the University of Birmingham, which over the past five years has developed a national geospatial database for the recording of archaeological sites and historic monuments in Qatar. A significant aspect of the project involved archaeological survey and excavation in advance of major construction projects. Between 2012 and 2014 excavations at Wādī ?ebay?ān revealed a burial of a typology previously unknown in Qatar, the unmarked graves (Cuttler, Al‐Naimi & Tetlow 2013).     

A Royal Boat Burial and Watercraft Tableau of Egypt's 12th Dynasty (c.1850 BCE) at South Abydos

Excavations at Abydos, Egypt, during 2014–2016 have revealed the remains of a boat burial dating to the reign of Senwosret III (c.1850 BCE). The boat burial occurred inside a specially prepared, subterranean vaulted building. Surviving elements of planking appear to derive from a nearly 20 m‐long boat that was buried intact but later dismantled for reuse of the wood. The vessel may belong to a group of royal funerary boats associated with the nearby tomb of Senwosret III. Incised on to the interior walls of the boat building is an extensive tableau including 120 surviving drawings of pharaonic watercraft. A unique deposit of pottery vessels was found associated with the ceremonial burial of this royal boat.     

HISTORY AND ITS DEAD

Thomas Laqueur has brought together half a century of research on modern European mortuary culture into an impressive narrative of how the Christian churchyard was replaced by the modern cemetery, how interment was partly replaced by the technology of cremation, and how writing and preserving the names of the dead coincided with democratization and social reform. Beyond the grand narrative of the history of modern burial, he also shows how the modern culture of history and memory is intertwined with the transformation of mortuary practices. On a deeper level, he points toward new ways of conceptualizing the relation between the living and the dead, leading up toward, if not fully confronting, the challenge that propels his own endeavor, namely the existential‐ontological predicament of living after those who have been and the nature of spectrality.     

A Healed Wound Caused by a Flint Arrowhead in a Neolithic Human Innominate from the Trou Rosette (Furfooz,Belgium)

A new case is described here of a wound caused by a flint arrowhead in the neolithic period. The specimen comes from a collective burial excavated last century in the cave Trou Rosette (Belgium). It consists of a fragment of left adult ilium. The fragment of arrowhead is located in a rounded cavity which is open in the medial surface of the bone. The CT scan and the artefact study allow us to reconstruct the scenario of the accident. The arrow pierced the musculus gluteus of the individual prior fixing in the iliac blade. The arrow tip broke at the moment of impact; its tang broke either at the moment of impact or during attempts to extract the arrow.     

中国古代的玉蝉

作为汉代主要葬玉之一的琀蝉,在史前时期主要发现于长江中游的石家河文化中,并且主要出土于瓮棺葬的底部,应该与某种丧葬仪式或灵魂观有关。汉代以前,“蝉”是楚文化地区的称呼,中原地区称为螗蜩、蜋蜩等,再给合楚地发达的巫文化、鬼神观念,推测中原地区的琀蝉,不仅其形态,而且其作为葬玉的功能,可能主要是来源于楚文化。     

徐州狮子山楚王陵墓主身份及其相关问题的初步研究

作为1995年中国十大考古发现之一的徐州狮子山楚王陵自发掘出土以来,其宏伟的规模,奇特的葬制以及出土的大量精美文物都引起了学术界的广泛关注,但由于此墓年代久远且早年遭到盗扰,其墓主身份也随学者研究角度的不同而产生了多种学说,其中牵扯到的楚王从二代到五代不等,时间跨度长达57年。就目前而言,第三代楚王刘戊为墓主说法较为盛行,但笔者从葬制、礼仪、出土文物及与相关墓葬的关系等方面综合研究后认为:以第二代楚王刘郢(《汉书》作刘郢客)为墓主更为合理。同时,在本文中作者还将对其他三种观点一一进行辨析,并就与此墓及墓主身份的有联系的相关问题,试做初步的探讨。     

崧泽遗址墓葬分区现象初探

崧泽墓地可以划分南北两个埋葬区,对墓葬资料的分析表明,崧泽遗址的这种墓葬分区埋葬现象与横向的社会分化有关,它反映了同一社会集团内部小团体间的分化。     

Foot anomalies in the Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic population exhumed from the rock cut cave of São Paulo 2 (Almada,Portugal)

The study of developmental abnormalities of the tarsal bones in a Portuguese Late Neolithic population was performed, as part of an ongoing research project that includes the evaluation of foot defects in Portuguese skeletal populations from Neolithic times to modern 20th century samples. Two accessory bones were found, calcaneum secundarium and os trigonum, and three non‐osseous coalitions were detected, calcaneonavicular, cuboid‐navicular and third metatarsal‐third cuneiform. The newly presented frequencies corresponded to other published sources, except for the frequency of calcaneum secundarium, higher than in previous studies (8.6% left bones; 15.2% right bones). This result suggests population homogeneity maybe due to geographic isolation and/or marriage customs although the exact pattern of inheritance of the majority of these foot anomalies is unknown. No apparent sex bias was detected and side could not be tested since these human remains were uncovered from a commingled funerary context. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Artificial cranial modification on a female skeleton from the Byzantine site of Maroneia (Thrace,Greece)

Artificial cranial modification is one of the most often documented types of intentional intervention on the human skeleton in the anthropological record. A female cranium exhibiting headshaping recently came to light at the Early Byzantine site of Maroneia, in Thrace, northern Greece. Headshaping was practiced by several different population groups during the migration period (1st–9th c. AD), but was unknown in Byzantine customs. Homogeneity in burial customs, evidenced by the skeleton's position and orientation and by cemetery topography, strongly supports the hypothesis that this burial belonged to a Christianised citizen who had the right to be buried in a common Christian cemetery. Headshaping provides strong evidence for the cultural adaptability and complexity of Early Byzantine society at Maroneia, an important provincial urban centre of the Byzantine Empire. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.