Trauma and pathology of a buried dog from San Nicolas Island,California, U.S.A.

To date more intact dog remains have been found on San Nicolas than on any of the other seven California Channel Islands. However, little is known about them. During the 2007 summer field season we excavated a medium sized young male dog in a flexed burial position from a pit at CA-SNI-25, a large Native American village site. The dog exhibits hypodontia, noticeable tooth attrition, severe scapular trauma, and vertebral, rib, and phalanx pathologies. Most of the injuries appear to have resulted from a severe blunt force trauma of unknown origin and it is likely the dog would not have survived without human care. The results of our analysis contribute to the, somewhat limited, published data on archaeological dogs in California. In this paper we describe the biological characteristics of the dog especially his anomalies and pathologies and compare them with published reports of other North American archaeological dogs with similar conditions.     

昭穆制度异议

周代"昭穆"是表示字辈的概念。父子之有昭穆,犹兄弟之有伯仲,伯仲用以区别同辈之长幼,昭穆意在辨别异辈之尊卑。昭穆依附于宗法而存在,在宗庙祭祀制、宗族伦理和继承制中产生作用,是宗法诸制度中的一项位序标准,其意义在于明确由辈分所决定的族人的地位尊卑,使宗族人伦关系明晰化、有序化。昭穆不是宗庙制度,也不是墓葬制度,是辈分概念却不是行辈标志"制度"。"昭穆"概念的产生与原始氏族社会及其婚姻形态毫无关系,也与所谓"母系分宗"无涉。昭穆是循环字辈,适应宗法强调区别尊卑长幼的需要而产生,虽与宗法有关,但与传子制或祖孙父子关系的亲疏毫无联系。     

曹魏薄葬考

曹魏时期的薄葬是相对秦汉厚葬而言,薄葬与厚葬在考古遗存上各有具体的体现,曹魏通过对汉代地面标记性设施和祭祀性设施、地下居室性设施和随葬明器的简省,开创了以薄葬为特征的新的丧葬模式,并影响着魏晋南北朝时期的丧葬。     

Trade centres and commercial routes in the Arabian Gulf: Post-Hellenistic discoveries at Dibba, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

The excavation of a tomb of the Roman-Parthian period in Dibba Al Hisn, Sharjah, is discussed. The contents provide evidence of far-ranging trade contacts extending from the Mediterranean to India.     

蒙、元御容

御容,所指为帝后肖像,用于供奉、祭祀以及瞻仰,所有者可以是皇家,也能是臣下。本文讨论的主题是蒙元皇家的本朝先帝、先后肖像[1],拟解说它们的制作、形制,不同做法的文化差异、可能的遗存及其制作年代等,同时也概述了时代更早的御容和元代非皇家的御容。     

成都蒲江飞虎村出土错金银带钩保护修复

成都文物考古研究院于2016年在蒲江飞虎村发掘了60座战国晚期墓葬,共出土青铜器181件(套)。其中M39出土了一件表面锈蚀覆盖严重的错金银青铜带钩,但其上错金银纹饰无法分辨,为还原其历史、艺术与研究价值,需对其表面锈蚀物进行清除。 采用X射线成像系统、体视显微镜、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜-能谱系统、X射线衍射仪等对带钩的保存状况、材质、锈蚀产物进行了分析。结果表明带钩上分布有精美的金银装饰纹饰,且金和银交替使用;带钩基体保存较差,锈蚀程度较重;部分区域金银丝已脱落。表面锈蚀覆盖严重,部分区域存在裂隙。带钩基体为铅锡青铜铸造组织,铜含量为73.0%,锡含量为11.4%,铅含量为13.7%;镶嵌的金、银丝样品呈倒三角形,均为热锻而成,金丝金含量为88.8%、银含量为11.2%;银丝银含量为95.8%,铜含量为2.4%。带钩锈蚀物大致分为两层,最外层绿色的锈蚀物为孔雀石,内层红色锈蚀物为赤铜矿。 在科学认知带钩保存状况、材质、锈蚀产物等的基础上,针对性地采用化学加固—机械法与化学法结合除锈—化学加固—缓蚀封护—粘接补配的技术路线对带钩进行了保护修复。对于细小裂隙选用渗透性很好、颜色轻微变化的Paraloid B72乙酸乙酯溶液,使用注射器少量多次滴渗加固;较大裂隙使用粘接强度好、渗透性适当的Hxtal NYL-1(海克斯塔)双组份环氧树脂,用小的针尖少量多次点渗入裂隙加固。对于外层绿色锈蚀物,先采用乙二胺四乙酸二钠水溶液软化,再配合使用机械法刮除去除;内层暗红色的氧化亚铜锈蚀先使用半胱氨酸水溶液软化,再配合机械法刮除。同时在锈蚀物去除过程中对出现松动的金银丝及时使用Araldite 2020型双组份环氧树脂进行加固。除锈结束后使用超纯水深度清洗清除试剂残留。使用苯并三氮唑乙醇溶液进行缓蚀处理,Paraloid B72乙酸乙酯溶液进行封护处理。带钩的粘接补配先使用Paraloid B72乙酸乙酯溶液预加固茬口,DG-4环氧树脂配合玻璃纤维布和销钉粘接补配。 本工作在利用现代仪器分析方法充分认识文物信息的基础上,根据文物实际情况,各种保护修复方法配合使用,对每种方法存在的弊端制定和采取相应的补救措施,最终在达到保护修复目的、恢复文物历史、艺术与研究价值的同时,最大限度地减少对文物造成的损伤。     

Cutmarks on Capsian human remains: implications for Maghreb Holocene social organization and palaeoeconomy

In 1930, the remains of five adults, one subadult, and one infant were excavated from Site 12, a ca. 8000 bp Capsian escargotière in Algeria. Recently, cutmarks were found on several postcranial bones of each of the adult individuals. In an attempt to reconstruct the burial circumstances, archival materials including photographs and field notes were retrieved from the State Historical Society of Wisconsin and the Logan Museum at Beloit College, and a detailed study of the cutmarks was carried out. The cutmarks are associated mostly with long bones and skulls, while two individuals show cutmarks on the thorax. Using theories relating secondary burial practices to a nomadic lifestyle, it is hypothesized that the individuals died away from camp. Initial preparations, while awaiting transport to Site 12, involved limited exposure, followed by decapitation, dismemberment, and possibly defleshing of the thorax and removal of the internal organs. At Site 12, a formal burial ceremony was conducted during which red ochre was used. In some cases the dismembered extremities were placed in the grave with the rest of the body, but several skulls and long bones are missing. It is not known what the missing bones were used for, although Capsian groups are known for modifying human bones for either utilitarian or ritual purposes. This is the first time that cutmarks on human remains are reported for this area and period. The idea that Capsian people practiced decapitation and dismemberment has been suggested before, based on observations on other sites, however. Studies of human skeletal material from the Maghreb, often excavated decades ago, may therefore reveal similar types of evidence. It is suggested that such studies will contribute significantly to our understanding of Holocene Maghreb burial practices, and our ability to reconstruct social organization and palaeoeconomy. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

荆门叉堰冲新石器时代遗址第二次发掘简报

荆门叉堰冲遗址第二次发掘,地层堆积分三层,发现新石器时代灰坑5个、柱洞11个、墓葬1 座,其中墓葬是一座较大型的有二层台的长方形土坑墓,随葬陶器64件。出土新石器时代遗物分生产工具、生活器皿和随葬器物三类,生产工具又分石器和陶器,生活器皿和随葬器物均为陶器。这些陶器具有特点,以泥质黑陶最多,主要纹饰为篮纹和斜方格纹,器形有鼎、罐等17种。据陶器特征,     

屈家岭文化中的儿童埋葬方式探析

新石器时代对于儿童的埋葬方式在一定程度上反映出先民精神文化面貌。屈家岭文化是长江中游的一种考古学文化,在所发现的众多的遗址中,对于儿童的埋葬方式主要采取两种:一种是土坑葬,另一种就是较为多见的瓮棺葬。选取一些典型的文化遗址,分不同的类型从埋葬方式、葬具、葬坑等方面入手,进行深入的分析和研究,探讨其内涵和意义。     

长江三峡地区远古人类埋葬习俗（墓葬）资料的考古发现与研究

本文根据考古发掘公布的数百座新石器时代墓葬资料,对长江三峡地区距今约6000年至4000年之间的远古人类埋葬习俗作了系统研究,反映了当时人类社会历史发展中的各个方面。