Effect on the Structure in Elevation of Wood Deterioration on Small-Pile Foundation: Numerical Analyses

Wooden pile foundations are quite common in Venice historical building. Very short, small-diameter piles are embedded into the soft shallowest soil layer under the groundwater level, but wood degradation is not prevented as anaerobic bacteria can flourish even in anoxic condition. This study couples the behavior of the masonry structure and the foundation as result of pile degradation. The numerical analyses, relative to the ancient piling, consider wood decay and secondary settlement of soil. The effect of deterioration as a function of the pile spacing and the possible presence of a stiff layer under pile tips are also investigated. The geotechnical results are then used as input for the structural model. The behavior of the masonry as result of different states of wood conservation along the wall is studied numerically.     

Timber-framed Houses Built for the Court Members after the 1894 Earthquake in Istanbul: Rationalization of Construction Techniques

During the second half of the 19th century, Western European industrial achievements affected construction techniques in Istanbul. Ottoman archival documents reveal the usage of industrial materials and machine shaped timber elements, which brought the rationalization of traditional timber construction techniques. After the 1894 Istanbul earthquake, many post-earthquake timber-framed houses constructed as temporary shelters in the precincts of masonry mansions were rapidly built due to the rationalization in building techniques. Since there is not any inventory for the industrial materials and techniques used in the second half of the 19th century in Istanbul, their determination is of crucial importance in the process of conservation.     

The functional dimensions of earth oven cooking: An analysis of an accidently burned maize roast at the C. W. Cooper site in West-central Illinois

Abstract

Despite the prevalence of earth ovens, a subclass of pit features used for cooking, there is little consensus regarding how these cooking features were used or about the foodstuffs that were prepared in them. To provide a more detailed understanding of earth oven cooking in the archaeological record, we analyze the archaeobotanical contents, stratigraphy, and morphology of a cooking pit recently excavated at C. W. Cooper, an early Mississippian (a.d. 1150–1200) site in west-central Illinois in order to contribute to research on late Prehistoric foodways. Filled with nearly 100 ears of maize, this earth oven presents the opportunity to document the process of undertaking a maize roast. The volume of maize and its presence within a dense concentration of cooking, processing, and storage facilities allows us to consider the communal nature of outdoor earth oven cooking in the 12th century Central Illinois Valley and the socioeconomic dimensions of commensal politics more broadly during the Precolumbian era.     

Liberalism and nationalism in Russia. Boris Chicherin as a modernist nationalist

This article investigates the link between nationalism and liberalism in Russia by looking at the way the leading spokesman of early Russian liberalism, Boris Chicherin, combined liberal ideas with notions of nation‐building and the idea of the nation as a modernising phenomenon. The article argues that the young Chicherin, at least in the formative years of the 1850s, had an instrumental approach to liberalism. Liberalism served a specific purpose – to integrate the people and shape a community of active citizens so that Russia could modernise. Chicherin was concerned with the formation of a modern nation‐state rather than the establishment of popular rule or political rights. In this sense, his thinking fits well into what, in the context of the Ottoman Empire, has been called modernist nationalism.     

从9种核心期刊的文献计量分析看核技术在文物保护与考古中的应用

从9种核心期刊的文献计量统计分析入手,分析了不同期刊、不同具体核技术方法、不同年份核技术应用文献量的差别,研究了差别的原因.介绍了主要核技术具体方法的含义和在考古及文物保护工作中的作用.分析和数据表明,核技术在考古和文物保护领域更广泛地应用及提高年代测量精度是核技术应用的两个发展方向.     

仙人好楼居:襄阳新出相轮陶楼与中国浮图祠类证

湖北襄阳东汉—三国蔡越墓出土的相轮陶楼,在建筑形制上为汉式陶楼和印度式相轮塔刹的结合,在装饰母题上同时兼有汉地神仙瑞兽与印度—犍陀罗式有翼天人的图像,明显带有佛教初传时期汉、印文化杂糅的特点。本文在讨论陶楼形制的过程中,分别联系同期北方墓葬中出土的陶楼明器和汉晋之际江南地区的佛饰堆塑重楼魂瓶进行类比分析,证明这两类墓葬明器都与文献记载的"浮图祠"相关联。在佛教初传汉地时,由"仙人好楼居"的汉式重楼过渡到高层佛塔,浮图祠是初期的标志,襄阳蔡越墓陶楼或可看作是浮图祠的标准器。浮图祠用作明器进入墓葬,反映了汉地民间埋葬方式因佛教传入而起的新变化,并在随后长江中游六朝砖墓的建造中留下了印记。     

西汉铸钱工艺中钱币型腔和内浇道对充型过程影响的计算机模拟试验

西汉时期平板范竖式浇注铸钱工艺中有不同的钱币型腔设置和内浇道的形状,本研究通过计算机的流动模拟和凝固模拟技术,研究了钱币型腔和内浇道对充型过程的影响。结果表明:1)钱币型腔的不同设置对充型时间影响不大。2)钱币型腔的不同设置对充型过程产生影响,内郭正置的型腔产生气孔等铸造缺陷的可能性增大。3)内浇道的形状对钱币型腔的液流充型时间和液流在型腔中的流动过程有明显的影响,对凝固特征虽略有影响,但远小于钱币本身几何特征对凝固特征的影响。西汉中期起至晚期已基本采用内郭斜置的型腔设置,表明古代工匠在西汉中期始已明了钱币型腔的设置对充型过程将产生影响,已能通过选择更好的钱币型腔的设置来提高钱币的铸造质量。铸钱时,对缩短充型时间的要求高于对充型状态的要求,西汉中期以后多采用缩短充型时间的内浇道形状以提高平板范竖式浇铸工艺的充满率,从而提高成品率。     

Reflexiones en torno al teatro en la producción crítica de Alberdi y Sarmiento

This article examines the important role played by Juan B. Alberdi's and Domingo F. Sarmiento's literary articles in advancing the modern nationalist discourse in Argentina. I argue that in their performance reviews, these two men of letters advocated for the formation of a national theater in an effort to promote a national cultural expression.     

The Elusive Idea of the Nation: Israel in the Mirror of Modernity

The article begins by analyzing the historical process that brought many Europeans to question the natural framework of their common political existence: the nation and its secular contrivance, the state. The nation appears as the ultimate casualty of European nationalism, and its “crisis of identity” has further deepened in the last few years with the acceleration of European integration. The state appears less and less as the natural locus of political authority, and, in a continent where particularities are tending to diminish, a very different sense of affiliation has been emerging: the inclination to embrace “global humanism” which has no correlation with the conventional framework of representative government. Israel offers an appropriate counterproof to the tribulations of the European fading sense of nationhood. The article considers the distinctive character of Israel among modern nation-states in light of the classical definitions of the nation, in particular with regard to the role of religion and its relation to the political institutions.