清代伊克昭盟长城沿线“禁留地”诸概念考释

清初陕北边外禁留地承自明代烧荒形成的隔离蒙汉的黑色地带。乾隆八年,双方在边外五十里一线划出有形界线,称黑(牌)界,该谓附会于烧荒形成的黑色地带,是汉人对边外自然景观记忆延续的反映。黑界以内,伊克昭盟各旗汉族移民的耕地范围并不相同,使得黑界与移民垦殖北界之间形成宽窄不一的土地,由此衍生出当时文献未言,却实际存在的所谓黑界地。牌界地是指边墙与牌界之间的土地。伙盘地是移民定居和租耕之地,具有不连续分布的空间特征。白界地一称晚出于民国绥远编纂的文献,实为牌界地的异写,其产生可能与牌借地、白借地称谓有关。陕绥双方对诸称谓的不同书写,反映各自从己方利益和地方本位的角度,对重构清代鄂尔多斯南缘汉族移民垦殖史的不同表达和现实立场。     

左、李塞防与海防之争新论

清同治、光绪年间,统治阶级内部在国防部署上曾有过一次塞防与海防之争.海防派以李鸿章为首,认为东南沿海千里海防是国防重点,主张弃新疆,专注海防.塞防派以左宗棠为首,主张塞防、海防并重,强调新疆在国防上的重要地位,坚决要求收复新疆.这场争论的实质是国防前线的战略部署和国家有限的财力如何分配;争论的焦点则是收复新疆还是放弃新疆.这场争论是公开的、正常的,其主张有正确与错误之分,其见解有高低之别,但不是爱国与卖国之争,不应因此给李鸿章戴上卖国或投降主义的帽子.     

湖滩争夺与省界成型——以皖北青冢湖为例

在传统地方史志的记载中,对于一个行政区疆域的记载往往是以"四至八到"的形式来表示的,依照这种粗略的记载,在很多地区根本无法准确的划出政区之间的边界。在各级政区的边界类型中,又属省界的地位比较特殊。对于省界争端的处理往往会面临"属人主义"和"属地主义"两种原则的抉择,而争端的处理过程其实体现了中央政府、省政府、基层政府与普通民众之间的多重复杂、互动的关系。民国时期青冢湖苏皖省界纠纷的处理过程正是体现了上述关系,并且展现了原本模糊的省级政区界限逐渐演变为精确的几何界线的动态过程。     

Emmanuel de Martonne and the ethnographical cartography of central Europe (1917–1920)

Abstract

Emmanuel de Martonne is well known among geographers as the founding father of geomorphology and as one of Paul Vidal de la Blache's main disciples. He also played a central role as a geographical expert on the Comité d'études, a body set up by Deputy Charles Benoist during the First World War to prepare guidelines for the organization of peace and, in particular, the demarcation of boundaries. De Martonne's special expertise was the construction and comparison of ethnographical maps. He applied his theories on ethnic mapping and improved methods of representation of mixed minorities to his map of the Romanian nation published in 1919 by the Service Géographique de l'Armée. In his reports on Central Europe, de Martonne claimed neutrality, but the graphical options employed on his map offered a biased view of the Romanian nation, inspired mainly by the views of the French school of regional geography.     

Cultures of Incomprehension?: The Legacy of the Two Cultures Debate at the End of the Twentieth Century

This paper considers the impact of Snow's Two Culture's thesis on debates about the place of science and scientists in society in the latter part of the twentieth century. Debates concerned with the public understanding of science and the ‘science wars’, both of which relied to some extent on the dividing of society into ‘two cultures’, are contextualised within longer efforts by scientists to popularise definitions of science and society and their relationship with other epistemic communities. This paper argues that we should think about all these episodes as part of ongoing rhetorical boundary work, reflective of strains and stressors on science as an institution. The two cultures debate has provided one powerful rhetorical device, amongst many, for ongoing boundary work to establish or question science as the dominant form of knowledge in society and delineate who is allowed to speak for it, and wield its power.     

Fluids and halogens at the diagenetic–metamorphic boundary: evidence from veins in continental basins, western Norway

Seven vein types are recognized in three continental Devonian molasse basins (the Hornelen, Kvamshesten and Solund basins) in western Norway. These include calcite‐, quartz‐ and epidote‐dominated veins. The salinities of fluid inclusions from quartz‐dominated veins in the Hornelen and Kvamshesten basins are close to or slightly higher than those for modern seawater, whereas the fluids from quartz‐ and calcite‐dominated veins in the Solund basin range from seawater values to 20 wt % NaCl equivalent. Minerals such as biotite, amphibole, titanite, chlorite and epidote are abundant in the latter veins, and are important constituents of the authigenic mineral assemblages. A combination of fluid inclusion and petrological data suggest that at least some of the veins formed at depths around 12–14 km. The Cl/Br ratios and the salinity of the fluid inclusions can be explained by interactions with evaporites, implying that the sedimentary environment forming the basin fill had the strongest influence upon low‐grade metamorphic fluid Cl and Br contents. Differences in the Cl/I and Na/Br ratios between the Solund basin and the Hornelen and Kvamshesten basins are best explained by local mass transfer between pore fluids and the surrounding rock matrix during burial and increasing temperatures.     

论地理因素在陇南山地历史发展中的作用与影响

位于青藏高原、黄土高原与西秦岭交汇地带的甘肃陇南山地,区域内地形地貌复杂多样,为具有不同地域背景的民族、部落入居提供了基本的地理环境。而不同地理单元之间由于自然分界线与人文分界线之间相互依托、强化,使陇南山地历史发展呈现出"时间""空间"的双重分异和"内地化"与"边疆化"的双重趋势。在白龙江、洮河、岷峨山地、西秦岭、边墙、关隘、堡寨等大大小小自然、人文分界线中,由岷县、临潭、夏河连线所构成的"汉藏分界线"对陇南山地历史发展产生了根本性的影响。这条地理的、生态的分界线在约束人类活动的同时,又为人类最大限度的利用自然环境提供了可能。     

赋役制度与政区边界——基于明清湘鄂西地区的考察

在湘鄂西地区,从明初至清雍正年间,土司、卫所等特殊形式的政区与经制州县政区在地理空间上都是彼此毗邻乃至交错的。不同类型的政区意味着不同的赋役制度与管理方式,在土司、卫所与州县势力彼此消长的背景下,更导致了种种土地纠纷与赋役规避问题。清雍正间,通过改卫归流与改土归流,三者之间的土地与赋役纠纷随着卫所、土司的取消与州县政区主体地位的确立而逐渐消弭。     

Gender (plays) in Tanjung Bara mining camp in Eastern Kalimantan,Indonesia

All mining settlements are heavily gendered, not only because of the masculinity that the industry cultivates and flaunts, but also as a result of the power of capital manifested in the gendered class stratification of labour and space. When global capital penetrates remote resource peripheries in poorer countries, it also ushers mining experts, who are usually expatriate men from older industrialised and/or richer nations, into these areas. The cauldron of race–gender–class within the relatively small geographical space of the mining camp is worth exploring through a postcolonial feminist geographical perspective. This article explores the articulation and enactments of race–gender–class within such a location, the Tanjung Bara mining camp in eastern Kalimantan, Indonesia, where economic opportunities offered by the mining boom have blurred the insider–outsider dichotomy by attracting migrants from across Indonesia as well as from overseas. It analyses the performances of differential power enjoyed by women and men, foreigners and Indonesians within multiple sites in Tanjung Bara. In particular, it illuminates the sites of social interactions: the dining hall, the tennis ground, the golf course, the swimming pool and the poolside bar. The article suggests that place, and how each place is accessed by different actors, is central in shaping how individuals perform gender within mining contexts. But, at the same time it complicates the place-based binary performances of race by exploring how individuals continuously rewrite the strict but unwritten codes of behaviour.