区域产业结构演变城市化响应形态的演化规律

引入"产业结构演变的城市化响应形态"的概念,从单一城市和城市群体两个空间层次构建产业结构演变城市化响应形态的理论模型,揭示产业结构演变城市化响应形态演化的一般规律,得出以下结论:伴随着经济发展以及产业结构的优化升级,城市从单一的城市形态逐渐向城市群体空间形态演化,从都市区到城市整合体,城市群体形态不断发展演化。在现代快速化、立体化交通体系的支撑下,城市(城市群体)迅速走向区域,并最终向区域空间功能一体化形态演化。并以长春市为研究案例,进一步印证了产业结构演变城市化响应形态演化的一般规律。     

强风作用下木拱廊桥的风振响应分析——以文兴桥为例

中国传统木拱廊桥采用较短的木材构件,形成了较大的桥梁跨度,其整体造型优美,结构巧妙,构造特殊,具有重要的历史价值、艺术价值和科学价值。我国现存的传统木拱廊桥仅有百余座,集中分布于我国浙南和闽北地区,大多建于明清至民国时期,是我国木构桥梁建造技术和古代人民智慧的体现,而近些年来由于台风洪水等自然灾害导致的传统木拱廊桥破坏甚至损毁的事件时有发生。现有的对于传统木拱廊桥的研究大多着眼于其历史艺术价值和建造技术工艺等方面,鲜有对于其结构性能的研究,尤其缺乏强风作用下木拱廊桥的风振响应性能的深入研究。本工作为研究中国传统木拱廊桥在强风作用下的风振响应性能,以典型传统木拱廊桥——浙江泰顺的文兴桥为例,基于几何尺寸的精确测绘,采用SAP2000建立有限元模型进行了木拱廊桥的动力特性分析。研究内容包括以下几方面:首先,采用线性滤波法,基于自回归(AR)法模拟风场,利用MATLAB软件编写脉动风速时程。此后,由于我国现行的规范没有给出适用于木拱廊桥这一结构类型的风压体型系数,本工作通过CFD软件FLUENT风洞数值模拟得到适用于文兴桥的风压体型系数。最后,将模拟编译得到的时程风压作用于文兴桥的有限元模型得到其风振响应。计算结果表明:结构主振型为第一阶横向水平振动;风荷载对三节苗和五节苗两边最外侧的斜苗影响较大,对五节苗平苗的影响较大;下部剪刀撑的最大拉、压应力超过抗拉、抗压强度;剪刀撑脱榫将使下部斜撑的轴压力突增从而导致整体结构抗侧能力大幅降低;强风作用下传统木拱廊桥的时程计算风振系数为1.43～1.75,由此可见木拱廊桥风动力效应不容忽视。本研究成果反映了我国传统木拱廊桥在风荷载作用下结构构件的受力规律和整体结构的动力特性,并为我国传统木拱廊桥的风振性能评估和抗风保护提供理论依据,更科学地保护这一宝贵的建筑遗产类型。     

Geoarchaeological approaches to the environmental history of Cyprus: explication and critical evaluation

Geoarchaeology represents crossdisciplinary research focused on environmental issues and human activities, and directed primarily to social scientists. Site micro-studies are central to the enterprise, emphasizing cultural sediments and the taphonomic record of site formation, preservation, or destruction. But when expanded to include off-site investigation and watershed studies, geoarchaeology can go well beyond stratigraphy and context, to address human impacts on the environment or long-term sustainability. This paper articulates a research agenda to evaluate the largely anecdotal premise that the island of Cyprus has been degraded by millennia of improvident land use. First, it outlines Holocene settlement, land use and forest histories, as a differentiated model against which to apply specific types of investigation, and in conjunction with other archaeological sciences. Second, it applies Quaternary-style watershed study to confront commonplace misunderstandings about possible degradation, to show that most of the slope and stream deposits on Cyprus are of Pleistocene age. Third, it switches to examples of site micro-geoarchaeology to illustrate the possibilities of understanding detailed change. The purpose is heuristic, in the absence of many more site and off-site studies that incorporate bioarchaeology. Provisional inferences suggest that environmental damage may be limited, that even with heavy land-use stress, climatic triggers were critical to inaugurate change, and that the system may be more resilient than anticipated. Such caveats may encourage greater attention to environmental research design in ongoing and future excavation projects.     

The Effect of Persuasive Messages on Policy Problem Recognition

Prior theories of individual behavior in recognizing public problems have centered on the role of policy entrepreneurs; institutional effects; information; and cultural, political, and social pressures. Our extension of these theories suggests that policy problem recognition is an attitudinal evaluation process. If the information is considered valid and the new attitude is negative in valence, then a policy problem is recognized. To test this theory, we use an embedded experiment in a national survey to measure the effect of persuasive messages on the concern for global warming. We find that the negativity of the message and the credibility of the source of the message both affect the level of increase in concern for global warming. Further, the impact of the message from the source is conditional based upon the recipient's ideology. This suggests that policy problem recognition is attitudinal and thus incorporates both analytical and affective components.     

Inter- and Transdisciplinary Research for Planning Climate Change Adaptation Responses: The Example of Santiago de Chile

Abstract

This article gives insights into an inter- and transdisciplinary research approach designed to enhance the planning of climate change adaptation responses at urban-regional level. What makes interdisciplinary approaches to adaptation action unique is its ability to unravel the complexity of climate change and the interwoven processes it entails. It is the planning aspect here that makes stakeholder involvement crucial. Hence in contemporary climate change research the science-policy interface takes centre stage, generating response capacity and exchanging ‘usable’ information with decision-makers within the framework of a transdisciplinary approach. Climate action plans and climate adaptation strategies, for example, have the potential to unite sectors and levels of decision-making around an integrated planning approach. This article discusses the challenges and constraints of the inter- and transdisciplinary research approach developed for a Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile (MRS).     

Intensive hunting during the Iron Age of Southern Africa

Domestic faunal samples from farming sites from southern Africa dating from the Early (～AD 200–900) and Middle (～AD 900–1300) Iron Ages with large faunal samples are typically dominated by sheep/goats (both number of identified specimens and minimum number of individuals for large samples). However, four exceptions to this general pattern from these time periods are Bosutswe, Nqoma (both in Botswana), KwaGandaganda and Mamba (both in KwaZulu-Natal). At these sites, cattle outnumber sheep/goats, which have previously been measured using a Cattle Index. Intensive hunting is investigated at one of these sites, Bosutswe. Using various lines of evidence, including measuring high- vs. low-ranked prey, economic activities, as well as grease extraction and ageing from the most common taxon, plains zebra (Equus quagga), it is suggested that resource depression of wild game likely occurred. This would fit the expectation, based on human behavioural ecology, that as high-ranked game resource diminished over time, more emphasis was placed on cattle herding. The greater emphasis could have influenced descent patterns of people at Bosutswe. By the Late Iron Age (～AD 1300–1820s), cattle dominate most faunal assemblages in southern Africa with large sample sizes, and ethnographic and historical information confirm the central role these animals played in the social, political and economic lives of these farmers.     

Re-engaging with rationality in economic geography: behavioural approaches and the importance of context in decision-making

Behavioural approaches have become mainstream in economics,supported by the research of cognitive scientists and psychologists,yet their findings have attracted little attention from geographers.This article argues for a renewed behavioural economic geographythat builds on research in behavioural economics but also addressesone of its main shortcomings: a lack of engagement with thesocial context of decision-making. I outline a research agendathat bridges the gap between the disciplines in the area ofpension decision-making, using the example of choice in UK occupationalplans to argue for a mixed methodological approach to meet thechallenge of taking context seriously.     

从神圣到世俗的欠发达地区乡村社区空间异化——国内背包客凝视下的亚丁村

从旅游凝视理论的已有研究不足出发,利用内容分析法梳理出背包旅游者对亚丁的多感官凝视内容;通过田野调查并依据表演理论,研究亚丁村社区面对凝视所采取的调适机制及空间响应。最后从背包旅游者凝视和社区调适两方面提出欠发达地区旅游目的地的舞台管理者可能采取的管理路径。针对背包客的多重感官凝视和当地社区的反凝视调适,管理者一方面可以通过加强背包客自我凝视、改变凝视内容、促进其对村民正向示范效应而进行;另一方面要通过合理的制度安排进行社区反凝视能力建设,帮助原著居民站上舞台,展演其原生文化。本文对多向度凝视及旅游凝视与展演、迷思等的关系研究提出了新的理论启迪。     

建国初期突发事件的应对机制——以1949年察北专区鼠疫防控为例

1949年10月,察哈尔省察北专区鼠疫的流行和蔓延是新中国成立后面临的一次重大的突发事件,我国政府沉着冷静,从容应对,首先摸清情况、认清形势,其次正确评估、科学论证,最后采取果断措施,建立了政治动员机制、组织决策机制和信息沟通机制,为后来新中国成功处理类似事件提供了借鉴,也为后来新中国的卫生防疫事业和社会进步事业打下了牢固基础。     

A Multidisciplinary Study on the Seismic Vulnerability of St. Agostino Church in Amatrice following the 2016 Seismic Sequence

ABSTRACT

The big earthquake of August 24, 2016 and subsequent major shocks severely damaged many historic villages in Central Italy and dramatically showed the intrinsic vulnerability of the diffused architectural heritage. The St. Agostino church is one of the collapsed historical buildings, being inside the epicentre village of Amatrice. During the long seismic earthquake swarm, progressively the church was damaged and monitored. This multidisciplinary study of the damage of the church includes correlations of all the data derived from three steps geomatics surveys (3D aerial and terrestrial models): the archival drawings and images documenting previous events distressing the building, the previous strengthening intervention, and finally the seismic site response analysis (from Amatrice’s accelerometric station). Through a back analysis carried out by a finite elements model, it was possible to understand the seismic vulnerability of this historical building, in relation to the previous interventions and damage events. The proposed methodology, based on the interdisciplinary data analysis, provides useful information for the next strengthening projects of damaged historical monument.