徐州地区西汉陶俑的发现及初步研究

徐州地区西汉陶俑可分为兵俑、乐舞俑、仪仗俑、侍俑四个大类。并由俱象写实向形神兼备的方向演变,其乐舞俑生动的形象栩栩如生,成为汉代陶俑的经典之作。     

The composition of the soda-rich and mixed alkali plant ashes used in the production of glass

Soda-rich plant ashes have been used in the Near East and Egypt in the production of glass and faience from the 4th millennium BC onwards, and mixed alkali plant ashes have been similarly used in western Europe during the 2nd and first half of the 1st millennia BC. In the production of these ashes, the plants of interest are salt resistant, halophytic plants of the Chenopodiaceae family, growing in coastal, salt marsh and desert regions. A primary criterion in selecting ashes for glass and faience production is that the alkalis are predominantly in the form of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides rather than either chlorides or sulphates. In the current paper, previously published data for such ashes are brought together and re-assessed, and new analytical data are presented for ashes produced from plants collected in Egypt, Greece and the UK. For the ashes produced from Salsola kali plants collected from Greece and the UK, the soda to potash ratios (0.3–1.8) do not show any systematic differences between the regions in which the plant was growing, but instead reflect the fact that this species favours the accumulation of K⁺ over Na⁺ ions. Further, the results suggest that S. kali could have been the source of the mixed alkali ashes used in western Europe, if the ashes had first been treated in some way in order to reduce their lime-plus-magnesia contents.     

六朝武昌城试掘简报

六朝武昌城位于湖北省鄂州市区中部,长江南岸。2000年,为配合古城遗址保护规划的实施,我们对古城遗址的南城垣进行了首次发掘,同时发掘清理北宋墓葬10座,六朝早期古水井1座。通过此次发掘,弄清了城墙的结构和建筑方法。墓葬中出土了陶瓷器、铜器、银器和铜钱30余件(枚);古水井中出土遗物丰富,以陶瓷器为主,数量达100多件。古墓葬和古水井的发现,为了解研究六朝武昌城的发展历史,提供了新的实物资料。     

Comparing seeds/fruits and pollen from a Middle Bronze Age pit in Florence (Italy)

The recovery of a Middle Bronze Age pit in Florence offered the opportunity of studying seeds/fruits and pollen coming from the pit fill layers. Both datasets resulted similar in their mixed composition of cultivated, synanthropic, and wild plants. They represent different traces coming from the plants which were stored and voluntarily or involuntarily introduced into the structure. Foodstuff and fodder storage activities are testified in the pit. Particularly, plant gathering is better represented by seed/fruit remains, while fodder procurement is mainly clarified by pollen. In this study, the use of pollen as evidence of economic activity is validated by the hypothesis that the origin of the pollen in the pit is from the stored plant material more than from the pollen rain. Therefore, comparing these datasets proved to be useful to assess the sources of the plant remains found in the pit, to interpret the origin of the fill layers and make some inferences on the structure and its uses, and to attempt some palaeoethnobotanical considerations.     

略论商周时期关中地区腰坑葬俗

自从确定“腰坑”这一考古学术语以来,腰坑葬俗文化已逐渐成为考古学、民俗学研究者所关注的课题,近年来对此葬俗做过研究的有郜向平、王志友、杨毕、谢日万、朱海仁、胡庆生、彭文等,以及日本学者井上聪。最近,笔者曾对陕西地区腰坑葬俗的情况进行过肤浅的研究。而此文撰写的目的,是通过对商周时期关中地区腰坑葬俗的具体探讨,以期理清该葬俗在周族、殷族中的变化。     

江苏镇江大港龙泉村西汉墓地发掘简报

2012年,镇江博物馆在镇江市大港镇龙泉村清理汉代土坑竖穴墓10座,出土器物类型以罐、盒、鼎、壶、瓿为主。从墓葬形制和随葬器物推测,墓葬时代应属于西汉中期。从墓葬的分布规律推测,该墓地应为一处家族墓地,家族内部又分为不同的家庭单位,墓葬之间的区别可能与墓主生活时代和社会地位的不同有关。这批墓葬的科学发掘,为研究镇江地区汉代丧葬制度提供了丰富的实物资料。     

The first direct evidence of pre-columbian sources of palygorskite for Maya Blue

Maya Blue, a nano-structured clay–organic complex of palygorskite and indigo, was used predominantly before the Spanish Conquest. It has fascinated chemists, material scientists, archaeologists and art historians for decades because it is resistant to the effect of acids, alkalis, and other reagents, and its rich color has persisted for centuries in the harsh tropical climate of southern Mesoamerica. One of its components, palygorskite, is part of modern Maya indigenous knowledge, and ethnohistoric and archaeological data suggest that its modern sources were probably utilized in Prehispanic times. Yet no direct evidence verifies that palygorskite was actually mined from these sources to make Maya Blue. Here we characterize these sources compositionally, and compare our analyses to those of Maya Blue from Chichén Itzá and Palenque. We demonstrate that the palygorskite in most of these samples came from modern mines, providing the first direct evidence for the use of these sources for making Maya Blue. These findings reveal that modern Maya indigenous knowledge about palygorskite, its mining, and its source locations, is at least seven centuries old.     

六件宋代温州漆器成分结构及工艺剖析

为用现代化学分析手段来揭示古代漆器的髹漆工艺,对六件宋代温州漆器残片成分和髹漆工艺进行了分析。在利用现代化学分析方法,借助扫描电子显微镜、X-射线能谱仪、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱、红外光谱、X-射线粉末衍射、体视显微镜等对漆器残片漆膜成分展开分析。结果表明,红色漆膜的主要成分是朱砂(硫化汞),黑色漆膜的主要显色成分可能是炭黑;漆膜结构劣化降解明显,存在多种微缺陷;漆膜中成膜成分是生漆;截面分层明显;银扣漆器中的扣体成分是锡和二氧化锡的混合物而不是金属银,应命名为锡扣漆器;戗金和描金残片漆灰部分的X射线粉末衍射的分析结果表明漆灰层中有添加动物灰的做法。     

西安鱼化寨遗址仰韶文化土坑墓发掘简报

一、遗址概况鱼化寨遗址位于西安市雁塔区鱼化寨街道鱼化寨村西北侧,皂河西岸的二级台地上,今西安外事学院北校区西北部。遗址东、北两侧被皂河环绕,地势中心高,周围低(图一)。2002年～