二十世纪有关纸的考古发现不能否定蔡伦发明造纸术（1）

近几十年来,我国考古工作曾先后在一些西汉遗址和墓葬中发现了若干纸状残片,于是引起国内外许多学和广大人民的关注和提出疑问。是否蔡伦前约二百年就有了纸?造纸术还是不是蔡伦发明的?新发掘的纸状物到底是个什么样?经对历次的发掘作了详细的调查研究和分析化验,结论认为：20世纪有关纸的考古发现不能否定蔡伦发明造纸术。     

Induced metal-ion exchange in excavated human bone

Excavated human bone was exposed to aqueous solutions containing high concentrations of a single added metal ion in order to examine the extent of introduction of contaminating materials during burial. Variables included pH, temperature, ion concentration, state of bone (whole or crushed), structure of buffer, and counterion. Calcium and sodium showed little increase, and even a decrease in some cases. Strontium, zinc, lead, and magnesium showed large increases probably through heteroionic replacement of calcium. Manganese, aluminum, and potassium showed increases, particularly under neutral conditions, probably through infiltration into voids and defects.     

中国古墨与现代墨元素成分研究

对中国古墨（汉墨、明墨与清墨）与不同产地的现代墨元素成分作了对比分析。用离子背散射测定墨中常量元素C、N、O的含量,用质子激发X荧光法测定微量元素K、Ca、Ti、Cu、Fe等10种元素的含量。实验结果表明,古墨中微量元素K、Ca的含量比现代徽墨、沪墨高10倍以上,而现代徽墨与沪墨中元素N和An的含量也有明显的差别。     

历史文化名城的旅游形象设计与实施策略——平遥古城的案例研究

本文在对文脉分析的基础上设计了平遥古城旅游区的一级理念和二级理念、视觉形象和行为形象,提出了40景组合的平遥古城旅游资源形象。     

Morphological study of the ancient dogs from three neolithic sites in China

Ancient Chinese dogs excavated at three archaeological sites and stored in the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Academia Sinica, were the object of this study (Xiawanggang site, 5000–6000 years BP; Keshengzhuang site, 3000–4000 years BP; Shangsunjia site, Bronze age). During these periods, there were large morphological variations in Chinese dogs beyond a single dog class, as with Jomon dogs. Dogs with a large ‘stop’ were already present in China but not in Japan. At the Keshengzhuang site, middle to large class dogs were also excavated. At least three types were confirmed within these dogs. In the aged dog in Xiawanggang, antemortem loss of many teeth was observed suggesting active use of the teeth and it is possible that this dog was used for hunting as were the Japanese Jomon dogs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

郑韩故城出土青铜器的矿料来源初步分析

基于富集在铜料中而保留其母矿信息的元素可以用于示踪青铜器的矿料来源,为了解郑韩故城青铜器的矿料来源,利用ICP-AES方法对郑韩故城出土东周时期青铜器的微量元素进行了检测。结果显示,21个青铜器样品微量元素特征具有相对一致性,推测可能具有相同的原料来源。与小双桥遗址出土青铜器的微量元素特征进行对比,二者存在明显的差异,说明从商代中期到春秋战国时期,这一地区的原料来源发生了改变。研究结果可为研究东周时期这一地区铜业发展状况提供线索。     

Determination of a kinship system using ancient DNA,mortuary practice,and historic records in an upper Canadian pioneer cemetery

Recovered and amplified ancient DNA (aDNA), from a historically documented 19th century Upper Canadian pioneer cemetery produced genotypes that were used to infer a past societal kinship system. While the results from multiplex short tandem repeat (STR) amplifications showed an unreliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product, a single locus HUMTH01 analysis yielded reproducible data and an allelic frequency pattern not statistically different from modern populations. Mitochondrial (mt) DNA HVR II data showed that a combined cemetery database exhibited reduced haplotype diversity indicators, as well as clusters of probable maternally related burials. The chronological persistence and replacement of mtDNA clusters approximately every two generations suggests a patrilineal/patrilocal kinship structure from a virilocal burial program for the Harmony Road cemetery. Through the integration of the aDNA analysis with archaeological material culture, historic records, and other ethnohistoric sources of information, this conclusion is supported. In this study persisting patrilineally inherited surnames act as a surrogate for aDNA Y‐chromosome haplotype analysis. These results suggest that aDNA applications on aggregate skeletal collections where sparse, or no ethnological or historical documentation exists, may result in incorrect population history inferences if the presence of a kinship interment bias is not considered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

肖像画与相术

本文探讨中国肖像画在造型技术上从易到难,有一个由侧面到斜侧面最后才到正面的发展过程。在解决正面肖像的描绘难题时,曾经借助过相术,即以汉字造型特点对人物面部形象的归类方法和观察方法,从而促进了肖像画的进一步发展。     

古代江南地区圩田开发及其对生态环境的影响

江南地区的圩田大致滥觞于三国之际,迅速发展于两宋,全盛于明清,是我国江南人民在长期治田治水实践中创造的农田开发的一种独特形式。文章以大量历史文献资料为基础,全面考察了江南地区圩田开发的历程与特点,研究了江南圩田兴盛的历史因素和自然条件,并简要分析了圩田的作用。在此基础上,具体探讨了圩田开发对生态环境所造成的影响,认为因过渡围垦破坏了江南地区原有的湖泊河流水文环境,造成“水不得停蓄,旱不得流注”的严重局面,这便给圩田大大增加了防患水灾的压力;历代地方政府在圩田管理方面也是各自为政,各地圩田缺乏相互间的协作,使因破圩而形成的局部水灾年年有之;大量构筑圩田,使湖泊面积大为缩小,影响其调节水量的功能,破坏了本地区的生态条件,致使灾害频频发生。此外,围湖特别是废湖以后,使众多的水生资源也遭到了严重破坏。     

中国特色社会主义政治文明的理论构架与建设基础

中国特色社会主义政治文明是一个理论层次非常鲜明的新课题,它涵盖着宏观、中观和微观三个层次的理论形态。研究这一理论构架及其建设基础,对于推进社会主义民主政治建设,具有重大的现实意义。