基于社会交换理论的西递古村落私人空间转化机制研究

古村落具有双重性质,即具有一般农村社区的特征,同时也具有旅游社区的特性,这种双重性质使得有限的村落空间成为游客与居民争先占有的场所。本文尝试以空间为观察视角,理解和认识古村落内部私人空间转化现象发生的作用机制,并引入社会交换理论来阐述和解释转化动机这一重要的转化前提。通过对西递案例的研究发现:私人空间转化动机包括微观层面上的经济利益、荣誉感和宏观层面上的集体决定、示范效应、共同价值观,并且(1)私人空间转化为游客空间并不是单向发生的过程;(2)当空间转化结果不如行为主体预期时,转化后的空间有可能重新变为纯粹的私人空间;(3)私人空间转化为景点能够延续的前提就在于空间所有者能够从这种转化中获取相对应的收益。     

《一切经音义》与古籍整理研究

玄应和慧琳<一切经音义>前后相承,诠释了一千多部佛经中的词语,在某种程度上可以说是当时入藏佛经的缩影,据其所释某部佛经的词语可比勘唐宋传本与今传本的异同,而由其所释各部佛经则可略窥其时入藏全部佛经的概貌,且玄应和慧琳征引了经史子集数百种古籍来阐释佛典词语,其中有的可与现有传本互补对勘,有的则今已失传而为其所独有,更显珍贵.因而,玄应和慧琳所释音义在某种程度上可以说是先秦传承至唐宋古籍的渊薮,在古籍整理硏究方面具有重要的学术价值.     

Osteoporosis among ancient Egyptians

Osteoporosis is a condition of reduced total bone mass per unit volume for the normal ratio of bone mineral to bone matrix. The present work deals with the investigation and evaluation of osteoporosis in ancient Egyptians of two social classes from the Old Kingdom in Giza. The aims of this study are to provide information about the lifestyle and health status of ancient Egyptians, and to detect the causes of osteoporosis. The material consisted of 74 skeletons (43 males and 31 females) from two different social classes (high officials and workers). Skeletons were excavated from the Giza Necropolis and belonged to the Old Kingdom (2687–2191 BC). Dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) at different skeletal sites (radius, fourth lumbar vertebra and head of femur). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to show the microarchitectural structure of the bone. Results showed a significant decrease of BMD values in old age groups compared with younger ones in both sexes. In addition, SEM of trabecular bone in osteoporotic cases demonstrated that the horizontal trabeculae were more affected than the vertical trabeculae. Comparison between high officials and workers revealed that osteoporosis was more frequent in male workers than in male high officials, and in female high officials than in female workers. An elevated prevalence of osteoporosis among male workers may be related to the effects of nutritional stress and excessive workload, while a sedentary lifestyle may have played a role in the occurrence of osteoporosis among female high officials. Moreover, osteoporosis occurs earlier and more frequently in females than males, which may be related to the hormonal changes that accompany the menopause in females. This study emphasises the importance of gender and lifestyle factors in influencing the severity of osteoporosis. Age‐related bone loss at most skeletal sites is noted in both sexes of ancient Egyptians. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Windward Sailing Capabilities of Ancient Vessels

Weatherliness is widely considered to have been an important ability for ancient sailing vessels, yet little firm experimental or theoretical data on the matter is available. However, by drawing on a variety of sources of model-test data and trials of full-scale replicas, it is possible to establish a general picture of what might have been possible. It appears that while ancient sailing vessels may have been capable of modest windward performance in moderate conditions and with a freshly-cleaned hull, this capability quickly disappeared as the hull became fouled and/or the wind and sea conditions deteriorated.
© 2008 The Author     

Recovery of DNA from archaeological insect remains: first results,problems and potential

We report the recovery of short fragments of PCR amplifiable ancient DNA from exoskeletal fragments of the grain weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.) extracted from Roman and medieval deposits in Northern England. If DNA preservation in archaeological insect remains is widespread then many applications in the spheres of evolutionary studies and archaeology can be conceived, some of which are outlined.     

Ancient DNA supports lineage replacement in European dog gene pool: insight into Neolithic southeast France

We report palaeogenetic analysis of domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) remains excavated from three archaeological sites from southeast France and dating from Middle Neolithic. Ancient DNA analysis was attempted on teeth and bone samples taken from 11 dogs. Three 266-base-pair fragments of the mitochondrial genome Hypervariable Region I (HVR-I) could be retrieved and revealed two haplotypes belonging to HVR-I lineage C. These three sequences were compared to the sequences of Swedish and Italian Neolithic dogs and permitted to confirm that clade C was largely represented all over Western Europe during this period. One haplotype defined in Neolithic French dog was observed for the first time in Canis mtDNA, underlining the loss of mitochondrial diversity in Europe since the Neolithic. Finally, these results point out mitochondrial lineage replacement in Europe, since lineage C represents only 5% of extant European dogs. Altogether, these results support the proposition that palaeogenetic studies are essential for the reconstruction of the past demographic history and the domestication process of dogs.     

从《慈恩传》看唐人风貌

《慈恩传》全称《大慈恩寺三藏法师传》,是一部记述玄奘生平最早最详实的传记,也是唐代唯一的一部专传;《慈恩传》记述了玄葵不同寻常的一生,更重要的是,《慈恩传》折射出唐代上升时期的唐人风貌：开放的文化心态,进取的时代风貌,强烈的爱国情感。     

江苏镇江花山湾古城遗址2010年发掘简报

江苏镇江花山湾古城遗址位于镇江市区东北花山湾的丘陵土岗上,城垣依山加筑夯土而成,1984、1991年曾先后两次对该城址进行了考古发掘。2010年,镇江博物馆再次对其进行了考古勘探和发掘,发掘面积114平方米,分为东城垣和城内2个发掘区域,在东城垣发现了1处城门遗迹,推断其为史料记载的唐宋罗城"新开门",并判断城门始建于唐代晚期,宋代加筑,南宋时废弃。     

古镇遗产分类及资源型古镇的保护性利用模式初探

古镇是人类主要聚落形态之一,按其成因和社会功能可把古镇分为聚落型村镇、区域贸易中心型集镇、资源型或资源—产业型集镇、军事重镇型集镇和文化景观型集镇等。资源型古镇通常是在对某地自然资源进行开发利用的过程中发展起来的场镇,它的发展历程直接折射出区域社会变迁及其关联的社会背景,构成地方文化和历史记忆的重要载体。对资源型古镇的保护性利用旨在服务当地,在内容和形式上旨在使古镇的"形"与"神"与其生存空间达到高度的融合与统一,从而准确传达古镇所蕴含的历史信息及遗产价值。