古籍文章节选应该注意的几个问题

古籍文章节选表达了编选者对文义的理解,也在一定程度上表明了作者选文的目的.王力主编<古代汉语>校订重排本的文选中,有些节录依旧需要商榷:因误解古书而删节,不顾文理而删节,有意模糊主旨而删节.这些问题在各类文选中带有普遍性,需要引起重视.     

明洪武宝钞修复及卷帘镶装帧研究

最小干预原则——指导古籍文献修复工作的重要原则之一,是指将修复面积控制在最小范围内。天坛藏明洪武宝钞的修复秉承这一原则:以加固纸张为首要目的,使用薄三桠皮纸修补,在保留宝钞原貌的基础上,更增强了破损状态的可识别性。根据宝钞双面有字的特点,收藏装具采用纸板挖镶、嵌入的方式对宝钞予以保护。正面覆盖透光度较高的三桠皮纸作为纸帘,可向上掀起便于展示。这种装帧形式被命名为卷帘镶,能同时满足收藏与展览的双重需要。修复与装具制作方法具有用浆水量少、粘接面积小的特点,有利于未来的再处理,其保护理念可为单叶纸质文献的保存提供参考。     

Natural theology and ancient theology in the Jesuit China mission

ABSTRACT

This article analyzes the proselytical use of ancient theology that developed in the environment of the Jesuit China Mission in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. This period is roughly coeval with the European diffusion of deistic doctrines based on a secularized interpretation of natural theology. I argue that the threat posed by the spread of such doctrines produced a significant effect on the philosophy that Jesuits developed in order to relate to Confucianism. In particular, in the late seventeenth century, Jesuits belonging to the China Mission gradually abandoned Matteo Ricci’s natural theology and espoused an approach grounded in ancient theology. The situation changed, however, after the turn of the eighteenth century. Deism continued to spread, and even ancient theology came to be perceived as dangerously close the libertinism. The increasing suspicion towards ancient theology was reflected, in the China Mission, by the reception of the doctrines advanced by the so-called “Figurists”, a group of French Jesuits who proposed an interpretation of certain characters of the Chinese Five Classics as figurae of the Bible.     

Confirmation of the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex‐specific DNA in three archaeological specimens

This journal published the first reported identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) DNA in ancient human remains but concerns were raised about the article two years after publication. These were based on methodology which, in the field of ancient DNA, was still developing. Here we present a re‐examination of the 1993 research conducted on three specimens which exhibited palaeopathologies indicative of tuberculosis. The specimens were: an ulna from pre‐European‐contact Borneo, a spine from Byzantine Turkey, and a lumbar‐sacral spine from 17th century Scotland. There was insufficient material to permit re‐examination of all of the original samples. The earlier results were confirmed in two independent laboratories using different methodologies. MTB DNA complex‐specific DNA amplicons were obtained, and sequenced in both laboratories, in a re‐analysis of samples which supported the earlier findings. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于环境监测的南京上坊孙吴墓环境风险评估

半地下砖石建筑遗产在发掘后，温度、含水量等环境条件的波动关联了包括干缩开裂、盐析、微生物生长等在内的诸多病害，使得半地下砖石建筑遗产加速劣化的风险上升，不利于文物价值的有效保护。为明确半地下砖石建筑遗址的依存环境与本体病害特征之间的关联性，本研究以南京上坊孙吴墓为研究对象，进行了现场调研测绘与病害勘察，并对上坊孙吴墓进行了为期一年的室内外环境监测，获取了室外气候、保护大棚内及各墓室内的温湿度等参数，分析了不同病害与依存环境的关联性，并基于环境监测数据评估了墓室内不同区域对应的本体材料劣化风险等级。结果表明，相比于前墓室，覆顶不存的后墓室会表现出更复杂的病害特征，即砖石类遗址在长期的环境波动状态下可能会比在较稳定的高湿环境中面临更高的保存风险。研究结果可为上坊孙吴墓以及同类型半地下砖石建筑遗址保护措施的科学制定提供有价值的参考。     

古籍墨迹的老化检测及其模拟实验研究

随着纸质文物保护工作的推进,针对古籍纸张载体的保护研究已逐步深入,但对于古籍纸张上的墨、颜料等其他写印材料的保护及写印材料之间的相互作用则亟待研究。其中,古籍墨迹的老化研究有助于揭示墨与纸相互作用的本质,对于古籍文物的保护具有非常重要的意义。以复旦大学图书馆藏古籍《三十二兰亭室诗存》墨迹的老化现象为出发点,通过显微镜观察、表面pH值测定、显微拉曼(micro-Raman)和傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱法等多种无损、微损的检测手段多尺度分析了墨迹泛黄的现象,结果显示墨迹处及周边黄晕纤维与空白部分纤维相比,光泽缺失且略显糟朽,酸性更强,表面氧化基团增多,说明墨可能对纸张的老化降解产生了影响。通过设计纸墨浸润模拟老化实验对此进行验证,结果显示与偏中性墨汁相比,尽管墨汁中胶料对纤维有一定保护作用,但偏酸性墨汁对纸张老化的促进作用使pH值、抗张性能及耐折性能的下降趋势更明显,聚合度保留率也较低。墨字模拟老化实验佐证了前述结论,使用酸性更强的墨汁书写的字迹,周围纸张酸性更强,色差也更显著。以上结果表明,墨汁的酸碱性质对纸张的老化降解进程有很重要的影响。这不仅揭示出古籍存藏过程中受墨影响的纸张老化机制以及模拟实验合理设计对于系统探究老化机制及纸墨相互作用的重要性,也对古籍保护工作范畴的扩大和策略的制定具有指导意义,并为修复用墨的研制提供了思路。