Editorial

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to show how national interests and western ideas about the polar wilderness influenced initiatives taken in the early decades of the twentieth century to protect the natural environment of the Arctic islands of Spitsbergen, today called Svalbard. After a brief outline of the environmental history of the islands, the explanatory significance of a game theory-based assumption about the predicament of nature conservation on common land is discussed by applying it to this historical case. It is the environmental dilemma known as the “tragedy of the commons”. Some elements of the western and Scandinavian ideological interpretations of the Arctic nature are introduced as a background to the following discussion of the most significant early initiative of nature conservation in the Arctic: Hugo Conwentz's proposal for the protection of the nature of Spitsbergen of 1914. The conception and outcome of Conwentz's initiative is explained by references to the political, social and ideological contexts of early twentieth-century science and colonialism. In the final section, the post-war development of the environmental administration of the islands is correlated to the political situation following World War I with its many historical contingencies and the breakdown of internationalism in science and nature conservation.     

Lessons Learned Along the Way: The Florida Public Archaeology Network after Ten Years

Created by the Florida Legislature in 2004, the Florida Public Archaeology Network (FPAN) has grown into a positive force for preservation, public engagement, and community collaboration in archaeology. This article discusses the genesis of FPAN and how the organization has changed in scope, evolved in mission, and addressed challenges, ideally providing ideas and direction for similar programmes in other locations.     

New maps

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

The Periglacial Environment. By H. M. French. 22 × 15 cm., 309 pp., 67 figures, 50 photographs, tables, references. Longman, Harlow, 1976. Paper £5.50.

Glaciers and Landscape. By David E. Sugden and Brian S. John. 23 × 17 cm., 376 pp. Numerous illustrations. References. Index. Edward Arnold, London, 1976. Paper £5.95.

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY

The Development of the West of Scotland 1750‐1960. By Anthony Slaven. 22 × 14 cm., 272 pp., 4 maps, 29 tables, bibliography, index. Routledge and Kegan Paul 1975. £6.50.

A Geography of 19th‐century Britain. By P. J. Perry. 22 × 14, 187 pp., plates, maps and diagrams. Batsford, London, 1975. £6.50 (£2.95 paperback).

SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY

Recreation in the Countryside—A Spatial Analysis. By J. T. Coppock and B. S. Duffield. 24 × 16, 262 pp., 34 figures, references, index. Macmillan, London, 1975. £8.95 (£3.95 paperback).

A Geography of Tourism. By H. Robinson. 21 × 13 cm., 47 pp., 47 illustrations, tables, index. Macdonald and Evans, London, 1976. Paper £4.25.

The Look of the Land. By John Fraser Hart. 23 × 16 cm., 210 pp., illustrations, index. Prentice‐Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1975.

REGIONAL

Southern Europe: the Mediterranean and Alpine lands. By Monica and Robert Beckinsale. 29 × 20, 334 pp., 107 maps and diagrams, 38 plates, tables, bibliography, index. U. of London Press, London, 1975. £10.50.

London. By David Gowing. Longman Revised Colour Geographies, Editor Rex Walford. 23 × 21, 48 pp. Longman, Harlow, 1976. 75p.

TECHNIQUES

Mathematics for Geographers and Planners. By A. G. Wilson and M. J. Kirkby. 20 × 18, 325 pp. Illustrations, tables, references, index. Clarendon/Oxford Press, London, 1975. £6.75 (£3.00 paperback).

Patterns in Human Geography: An Introduction to Numerical Methods. By David M. Smith. 22 × 14, 373 pp, Illustrations, diagrams and tables, Index. David &; Charles, Newton Abbot, 1975. £6.50.

CARTOGRAPHY

The Times Atlas of the World: Comprehensive Edition. 46 × 32, xi pp. and 123 plates. Index 223 pp. Times Books/Bartholomew, London and Edinburgh, 1975. £26.

EDUCATIONAL

Objective Tests in Geography for O‐Level and C.S.E.: The British Isles. By K. Briggs. 24 × 18., 101 pp. Hodder &; Stoughton, London, 1976. £1.35.

The Developing World: Geography Four. Living Together. By S. Crawford. 24 × 18, 128 pp. Longman, London, 1975. £1.50.

Industries in Britain. By M. P. Devereux. 27 × 22, 80 pp, 95 figures. Macmillan, London, 1974. 70p.

Three Giant Powers. By Martin Simons. 20 × 21 cm., 144 pp., many illustrations, index. Oxford University Press 1974. £1.25.

The U.S.S.R. By Harry Robinson. 14 × 22 cm., 250 pp., 32 illus., diagrams, index. University Tutorial Press, London, 1975. £1.80.

No. 26 Teaching Geography—Motorway. By E. Rawling (Geographical Association). Sheffield. 23 pp., 25×20, 1976. 55p.

No. 27 Teaching Geography—Analysis of Land Use Data. By R. Daugherty (Geographical Association). Sheffield. 25×20, 16 pp. 1976. 50p.

Place and People: 1. Village, Town and City. Ed. by S. Dunlop. 76 pp., 25×19. Heine‐mann, London, 1976. £1.25.

Atlas of Denmark—Series II, Vol. 2. Topographic Atlas Denmark. Edited by Ruth Helkier Jensen and Kr. M. Jensen. Pp.192. 34×25. The Royal Danish Geographical Society, Copenhagen, 1976. DKr. 195.00.

North America: Maps. Topographical Map Studies of Canada and the U.S.A. By R. Knowles and P. W. E. Stave. Pp. 96, 21 × 33. Longmans, 1976. £3.95.

Geography Project Workbooks, book 3—Britain's Trade and Communications. By S. C. Harrison, et al. Pp.32. 24×18. Longmans, 1976. 45p.

The New Certificate Geography Series: A Level. Monsoon Asia. 3rd edition. By H. Robinson. Pp.528. 22×14. Macdonald and Evans, London, 1976. £3.75 paperback.

A Geography of Britain. 3rd edition, up‐dated. By A. R. Toison and M. E. Johnstone Pp.259. 23×17. Oxford University Press, London, 1976. £2.50.

Elementary Geographical Fieldwork. By J. Hume Brown. Pp. 152, 20×13. Blackie Glasgow, 1976. £1.75.

Geographies: A certificate series: North America. 2nd edition. By F. J. Monkhouse and H. R. Cain. Pp.332. 21 × 14. Longman, Harlow, 1976. £1.50.

Sketch‐map Geographies: Book Seven: Economic Geography. By P. Speak and H. C. Carter. 2nd, up‐dated edition. Pp. 76. 25 × 19. Longman, Harlow, 1976. £1.25.     

Spatiotemporal Changes in Landscape Pattern in Response to Afforestation in Northeastern Turkey: A Case Study of Torul

Abstract

Monitoring and understanding of land use/forest cover dynamics as well as the factors affecting the changes in land use/forest cover are necessary for the sustainable management of natural resources. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal changes in land use and forest cover patterns in a typical mountain forest area in the Torul State Forest Enterprise area of Northeastern Turkey. The investigation evaluates the temporal changes of the spatial structure of forest conditions through the spatial analysis of forest-cover type maps from 1984 and 2005 using GIS and FRAGSTATS. The evidence presented here showed that there were drastic changes in the temporal and spatial dynamics of land use/forest cover, and between 1984 and 2005 there was a net increase of 19.9% in total forested area. Productive forest area increased by 3161 ha, although degraded forest area increased 9216 ha. In examining the changes of crown closure and development stages of the forest ecosystem during the study period, the forest stand area with low crown closures increased. The regenerated area increased because of regeneration activities while the other development stages were left to grow to older development stages in the period. These results regarding the crown closure and development stage show that forest quality has increased, and this is partly due to emigration of the rural population in Torul. In terms of spatial configuration, the landscape structure in Torul, the State Forest Enterprise area, changed substantially over the 21-year study period, resulting in fragmentation of the landscape as indicated by large patch numbers and smaller mean patch sizes, owing to heavy timber subtraction, illegal cutting, and uncontrolled stand treatments.     

A Canadian Scholar'S Views on Geography in Canada and in the USSR

There has long been controversy over the exact location of the middle segment of the great medieval trade route from the Varangians (Northmen) in the Baltic to the Greeks (Byzantium) in the Black Sea. There is no ambiguity about the northern segment, between Novgorod and the Baltic, or the southern segment, from Smolensk down the Dnieper to the Black Sea, but authors have tended to disagree about the various rivers, lakes and portages used by traders in the Russian heartland between Novgorod and Smolensk. A Russian chronicle describing a campaign led by Aleksandr Nevskiy against a Lithuanian force in 1245 sheds light on the alignment of the middle segment of the trade route. It appears that the route originally passed through Velikiye Luki in the 10th century. As this area became embroiled in clashes between warring Russian principalities, the trade route shifted eastward to the Toropets area, which became dominant by the 13th century. The existence of two additional minor routes is also noted.     

浅析企业伦理文化对现代企业的发展的作用

现代企业的市场竞争日趋白热化,而且竞争已经渗透过表层,深入至企业内核。市场不仅要求企业在价格、服务方面拿出相应的实力去竞争,更要求企业内部形成一种特定的企业文化。对于企业管理者而言,企业的多元化发展已经使得他们可以从哲学角度深入企业管理运作,形成自有的企业伦理文化。〈br〉 本文将从企业伦理的新时期演绎出发,对于我国现代企业伦理文化的出现和发展进行分析。由此探讨出企业伦理文化的发展轨迹,并尝试给出企业伦理文化对现代企业发展作用和发展前景评估。     

Were New Labour’s cultural policies neo-liberal?

This article assesses the cultural policies of ‘New Labour’, the UK Labour government of 1997–2010. It takes neo-liberalism as its starting point, asking to what extent Labour’s cultural policies can be validly and usefully characterised as neo-liberal. It explores this issue across three dimensions: corporate sponsorship and cuts in public subsidy; the running of public sector cultural institutions as though they were private businesses; and a shift in prevailing rationales for cultural policy, away from cultural justifications, and towards economic and social goals. Neo-liberalism is shown to be a significant but rather crude tool for evaluating and explaining New Labour’s cultural policies. At worse, it falsely implies that New Labour did not differ from Conservative approaches to cultural policy, downplays the effect of sociocultural factors on policy-making, and fails to differentiate varying periods and directions of policy. It does, however, usefully draw attention to the public policy environment in which Labour operated, in particular the damaging effects of focusing, to an excessive degree, on economic conceptions of the good in a way that does not recognise the limitations of markets as a way of organising production, circulation and consumption.     

World Heritage and the Local Community: The Case of Atapuerca (Burgos,Spain)

As social constructions, heritage properties require the participation of all their stakeholders, especially in the case of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) World Heritage Site is used as a test case for assessing the fulfilment of the local community’s development expectations, perceptions, and values. This paper is the first formal attempt to ascertain the opinions of residents in the surrounding villages — Ibeas de Juarros and Atapuerca — regarding the initiatives taken by the authorities, and the changes produced, since the site was included in the World Heritage List. The results show that many improvements can be made with the aim of democratizing the decision-making process, ensuring the involvement of the local community and improving their quality of life, in order to fulfil the spirit and recommendations of UNESCO.     

The State of Traditional Stone Spouts in Relation to Their Use and Management in Kathmandu Valley,Nepal

ABSTRACT

Water resource management is a major challenge throughout the world. People still use traditional water harvesting and conservation techniques in many long-established societies. However, traditional methods are in decline or have been abandoned in many countries even though they are more efficient and cost effective than modern water harvesting techniques. Nevertheless, traditional approaches continue to be valuable in some countries, including Nepal. This research documents the state of such traditional methods, in this case stone spouts, in relation to their use and management within urban and peri-urban areas of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. This study shows a somewhat surprising outcome that spout condition is better in unprotected areas than in protected areas.     

The DEEPSAL Project: Using the Past for Local Community Futures in Jordan

ABSTRACT

The Deep Past as a Social Asset in the Levant (DEEPSAL) project, conducted in 2015–16 by the Council for British Research in the Levant, examined two communities in southern Jordan, Beidha and Basta, who live near significant Neolithic archaeological sites. The project collected information on the communities’ current socioeconomic conditions, their relationship with local cultural heritage and how that cultural heritage currently benefits or hinders them. The information was used to inform nascent strategies to utilize the sites sustainably as development assets and suggest alternative strategies as necessary. The results showed that a tourism-based strategy is suitable for Beidha but there was a need to focus on basic business skills. For Basta a tourism-based strategy is currently unsuitable, and efforts should rather focus on supporting educational activities. The results of the project are presented here within the context of archaeology’s increasing interest to use archaeological resource to benefit local communities, and outlines lessons for that effort.