拉美研究中的民众主义:概念含义的演变

西方拉美学界对于民众主义这一概念的含义的界定发生过较大的变化。早期现代化理论学者和依附论学者强调民众主义概念的社会经济特征和历史阶段性特征,西方自由主义经济学界将民众主义界定为一种特定的经济政策。80年代以后,这种界定方式受到实证与理论上的双重挑战,于是,有的学者将民众主义界定为一种政治策略。这一修正使得这一概念可以用来解释80年代以后拉美政治发展的新现实,因而是有价值的。     

水电煤:近代上海公用事业演进及华洋不同心态

上海开埠后,租界当局和外侨在英法租界创建水电煤等近代公用事业,对此上海人有过惧怕、抵制,但更多的是刺激、羡慕,并最终走向认同。华界七绅向两方先进物质文明学习,努力变被动近代化为主动近代化,在华界自办照明和供水系统等公用事业,也取得了一定的成功。租界当局和外商水电煤公司将上海城市近代化的进程完全置于他们的操纵之下,并利用其政治上的特权,从而达到扩张政治影响、扩展租界势力范围、分享巨大的经济利益的目的,但客观上也促进了上海照明和供水系统的建设,极大提高了上海城市近代化的程度。     

从历史发展多线性到史学范式多样化--围绕"以一元多线论为基础的现代化范式"的讨论

“以一元多线论为基础的现代化范式”把“现代化”主要看做一个有特定内涵的全球历史大变革进程,看做一个并不具备终极目标价值而且道路模式选择多样的历史范畴,从而使之成为史学研究的对象。它和20世纪50～60年代的美国现代化论有原则上的不同,也不同于建立在“五种生产方式序列”基础上的“革命范式”。东、西方两种对立的单线演进历史模式,在史学方法论上都有绝对主义和排他性色彩。一元多线历史发展观则是开放的、包容的、多面向的。现代化范式的出现打破了史学长期由单一范式支配的局面。史学范式的多样化,是中国史学繁荣之道。     

中国共产党现代化理论形成之历史考察

实现中国社会的现代化是几代中国共产党人的不懈追求,经过80余年的艰辛探索,形成了中国共产党关于中国现代化的完整、系统的科学理论体系,这一理论是对现代化即西方化或苏联化僵固模式的超越。对中国共产党现代化理论形成的条件与原因进行多视角的分析,对其形成的历史过程和演变轨迹进行纵向的梳理和界定,总结其经验教训,对21世纪中国的社会主义现代化建设具有重要的意义。     

可贵的尝试——原中央博物院建筑缘起与历史评价

章通过对原中央博物院建筑策划、方案设计竞赛、施工建造等历史过程的详细描述与分析,指出该作品是徐敬直等第一代中国建筑师尝试将“民族性”与“现代化”相结合的一次可贵的尝试,并取得了成功。正是这种不懈的探索使得他们在专业上走向初步的成熟,原中央博物院(现南京博物院)建筑更成为经典之作。     

The transformation of the Italian party system

Abstract

This article analyses the political and social changes that occurred in Italy in the 1980s and 1990s in ways that bring economic and sociological models together in a historical perspective. It argues that the rise of the new Right following the disintegration of the Christian Democrats and the Socialist Party was the result not only of the changed international situation (which was none the less important) but of the changes that had been taking place within the Italian political parties and the growing importance of neo‐patrimonial tendencies over the previous fifteen years. Increasingly open forms of corruption (on the part of the political classes rather than the industrial bourgeoisie, even though they too were to some extent accomplices) are interpreted as a sign of the crisis and disintegration of the political system that had taken shape in the postwar period. Hence the nexus of anguish and politics for both the upper classes and the rest of Italian society that has become one of the most important features of the situation in Italy today.     

Aztec period houses and terraces at Calixtlahuaca: The changing morphology of a Mesoamerican hilltop urban center

Abstract

Calixtlahuaca, a Middle–Late Postclassic site in the Toluca Valley of central Mexico, was occupied ca. a.d. 1100–1530. Our excavations reveal some of the processes involved in the creation, functions, and decay of a large hilltop urban center. At its height, the majority of the site’s surface (264 ha) was covered with residential-agricultural terraces supported by a complex water management system. House construction techniques included the use of adobe brick, wattle-and-daub, and stone pavements. Our fieldwork contributes to a growing body of research on hilltop political capitals in Mesoamerica. Using a refined chronology, we illuminate the processes by which people constructed the residential zones of this ancient hilltop city.     

A Defense Renaissance? The Canadian Conservative Government and the Military

Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper campaigned in 2006 that, if elected, his government would make major improvements to Canada’s military. Emphasizing the decline that had befallen the once proud institution under the Liberals, Harper spoke of the spending increases and new capabilities that would result if his party emerged victorious in the upcoming vote. Seven years later, and two years after the prime minister was finally rewarded with a majority government, it seems like an opportune time to examine the Harper defense record. The article will show that defense spending has increased and a string of new equipment projects have been announced. However, the article will also reveal that the spending increases are almost certainly over, while few of the capital programs are actually progressing. Thus, the Harper defense record is ambiguous, and does not constitute the dramatic change that was promised.     

论晚清湘绅对外患的抵制与湖南经济近代化

在内外条件的刺激下,晚清湘绅对西方新事物和帝国主义势力的渗透,经历了由盲目排斥到以创办实业为主进行抵制的变化过程。在创办和发展实业的过程中,一些绅士的态度是矛盾的。但总体上说,促进了湖南经济的近代化。     

Legislation and Liberalization: The Debate About Corporal Punishment in Schools in Postwar West Germany, 1945--1975

Between 1945 and 1975 West Germany became modernized and liberalized.School education was one of the key fields in which this processwas played out. Methods of school discipline, corporal punishmentin particular, were the subject of heated public debates, reflectingthe broader political and moral issues of West German postwarreconstruction. The article examines the debate and its conclusionin the 1970s by focusing on Hesse, the only Land that bannedcorporal punishment in schools completely in 1946, and Bavariaand North Rhine-Westphalia, which both allowed it under restrictions.Proponents of corporal punishment pointed to the problems withdeviant youth in the postwar years and declared the use of thistype of sanction to be a right given to teachers by customarylaw. Opponents, however, put forward pedagogical, psychological,political, and moral arguments and called for a clear breakwith authoritarian methods of the past as necessary for rebuildingdemocracy. The pace and character of change, however, was determinedin the field of law. While a Supreme Court ruling in 1954 supportedthe opponents' position, a 1957 ruling by another Chamber ofthe same court reaffirmed the traditional customary-law viewof a teacher's right to wield the cane. Customary law couldonly be superseded by written law, but when most Land governmentsfinally abolished corporal punishment in schools in the early1970s, they did so, following Hesse's example, by administrativedecree only. While teachers who violated the ban therefore werenot automatically subject to criminal proceedings, courts remainedreluctant to uphold the ban. The abolition of corporal punishmentin schools, which also came at the price of an increase in bureaucraticregulations about school discipline and school life, can thusbe seen as reflecting the ambivalence of modernization and liberalizationafter 1945.