Aztec period houses and terraces at Calixtlahuaca: The changing morphology of a Mesoamerican hilltop urban center

Abstract

Calixtlahuaca, a Middle–Late Postclassic site in the Toluca Valley of central Mexico, was occupied ca. a.d. 1100–1530. Our excavations reveal some of the processes involved in the creation, functions, and decay of a large hilltop urban center. At its height, the majority of the site’s surface (264 ha) was covered with residential-agricultural terraces supported by a complex water management system. House construction techniques included the use of adobe brick, wattle-and-daub, and stone pavements. Our fieldwork contributes to a growing body of research on hilltop political capitals in Mesoamerica. Using a refined chronology, we illuminate the processes by which people constructed the residential zones of this ancient hilltop city.     

SMALLHOLDERS,ORGANIC FARMERS,AND AGRICULTURAL POLICY

An increasing number of consumers find it important that food is produced locally and in an environmentally friendly way. This development is beneficial for small‐scale and organic farmers. It might also give them new opportunities to influence policy‐making. Agriculture is however a policy sector where conventional and large‐scale farming interests have had a strong position for a long time. This paper examines the possibilities for Scandinavian smallholders' and organic farmers' organizations to exert influence on agricultural policy. In Sweden, the main focus of investigation, the smallholders are marginalized. The organic farmers on the other hand have been successful and during the 1990s they managed to establish themselves in the policy network.     

The transformation of the Italian party system

Abstract

This article analyses the political and social changes that occurred in Italy in the 1980s and 1990s in ways that bring economic and sociological models together in a historical perspective. It argues that the rise of the new Right following the disintegration of the Christian Democrats and the Socialist Party was the result not only of the changed international situation (which was none the less important) but of the changes that had been taking place within the Italian political parties and the growing importance of neo‐patrimonial tendencies over the previous fifteen years. Increasingly open forms of corruption (on the part of the political classes rather than the industrial bourgeoisie, even though they too were to some extent accomplices) are interpreted as a sign of the crisis and disintegration of the political system that had taken shape in the postwar period. Hence the nexus of anguish and politics for both the upper classes and the rest of Italian society that has become one of the most important features of the situation in Italy today.     

Negro problems in tropical Africa: Reviews of recent books

Changes in Scottish planning since the 1960s are discussed, especially the greater involvement of central government and increased consultation with the public. Steady pressure from the economic crisis and from technological change has limited the scope of the regions in planning though they retain a strategic role.     

中国共产党现代化理论形成之历史考察

实现中国社会的现代化是几代中国共产党人的不懈追求,经过80余年的艰辛探索,形成了中国共产党关于中国现代化的完整、系统的科学理论体系,这一理论是对现代化即西方化或苏联化僵固模式的超越。对中国共产党现代化理论形成的条件与原因进行多视角的分析,对其形成的历史过程和演变轨迹进行纵向的梳理和界定,总结其经验教训,对21世纪中国的社会主义现代化建设具有重要的意义。     

拉美研究中的民众主义:概念含义的演变

西方拉美学界对于民众主义这一概念的含义的界定发生过较大的变化。早期现代化理论学者和依附论学者强调民众主义概念的社会经济特征和历史阶段性特征,西方自由主义经济学界将民众主义界定为一种特定的经济政策。80年代以后,这种界定方式受到实证与理论上的双重挑战,于是,有的学者将民众主义界定为一种政治策略。这一修正使得这一概念可以用来解释80年代以后拉美政治发展的新现实,因而是有价值的。     

水电煤:近代上海公用事业演进及华洋不同心态

上海开埠后,租界当局和外侨在英法租界创建水电煤等近代公用事业,对此上海人有过惧怕、抵制,但更多的是刺激、羡慕,并最终走向认同。华界七绅向两方先进物质文明学习,努力变被动近代化为主动近代化,在华界自办照明和供水系统等公用事业,也取得了一定的成功。租界当局和外商水电煤公司将上海城市近代化的进程完全置于他们的操纵之下,并利用其政治上的特权,从而达到扩张政治影响、扩展租界势力范围、分享巨大的经济利益的目的,但客观上也促进了上海照明和供水系统的建设,极大提高了上海城市近代化的程度。     

从历史发展多线性到史学范式多样化--围绕"以一元多线论为基础的现代化范式"的讨论

“以一元多线论为基础的现代化范式”把“现代化”主要看做一个有特定内涵的全球历史大变革进程,看做一个并不具备终极目标价值而且道路模式选择多样的历史范畴,从而使之成为史学研究的对象。它和20世纪50～60年代的美国现代化论有原则上的不同,也不同于建立在“五种生产方式序列”基础上的“革命范式”。东、西方两种对立的单线演进历史模式,在史学方法论上都有绝对主义和排他性色彩。一元多线历史发展观则是开放的、包容的、多面向的。现代化范式的出现打破了史学长期由单一范式支配的局面。史学范式的多样化,是中国史学繁荣之道。     

The agricultural basis of Umm an-Nar society in the northern Oman peninsula (2500–2000 BC)

This paper argues that the agricultural aspect of the Umm an-Nar economy has been largely ignored by researchers, due to an overemphasis on copper production and trade. This is true at the level of the smallest rural settlements, villages and settlements whose primary focus was agricultural production.
The key social developments of this period have often been explained by linking them to the exploitation of copper ore and its trade with surrounding regions such as Mesopotamia and the Indus. However, this paper will argue — based on quantified pottery analysis — that it is during this time that we see the development, for the first time in the Oman peninsula, of widespread sedentary occupation that was based on small agricultural villages where there is no evidence of copper ore exploitation, thus suggesting that the economic basis of Umm an-Nar society was essentially agricultural.
Furthermore, it will be argued that, through the use of a new survey methodology, it is possible to locate such settlements, even where they have left no traces of monuments, such as tombs or round towers. The methodology allows preliminary comparisons to be made between the intensity of occupation in different periods. The paper also argues that the Umm an-Nar period was one of the most intensive periods of occupation in pre-Islamic history.     

论民主党派在中国政治现代化进程中的历史作用

现代化是人类社会发展的历史必然,政治现代化则是整个现代化运动的重要方面。在改革开放以来中国政治现代化的进程中,共产党时政治现代化建设的领导是由中国政治发展的历史和现实所决定的。我国实行中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度,这一制度下的民主党派作为参政党,在中国政治现代化进程中发挥着独特而重要的作用。