晚清时期岭南出国留学生在中国近代留学史上的地位与作用

翻开近代中国留学史 ,晚清时期岭南出国留学生对中国近代早期中西文化交流的贡献 ,特别引人注目。首先 ,他们是中国近代出国留学的先驱者和开拓者。其次 ,他们是中国近代早期中西文化交流的重要桥梁和纽带。再次 ,他们也是肇启中国现代化进程的早期启蒙者和先导者 ,而且在一定的客观程度上 ,积极推进着中国早期现代化的启动。最后 ,他们对中国近代中西文化交流的主要贡献 ,就是起着开风气之先 ,最早吸取和引进西方先进文化 ,并把它辐射到全国去的作用     

UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONALIST OPPOSITION TO MODERNIZATION: NARRATIVE PRODUCTION IN A NORWEGIAN MOUNTAIN CONFLICT

In Gausdal, a mountainous community in southern Norway, a conflict involving dogsledding has dominated local politics during the past two decades. In order to understand local protests against this activity, in this article we apply discourse analysis within the evolving approach of political ecology. In this way, we also aim at contributing to the emerging trend of bringing political ecology “home”. To many people, dogsledding appears as an environmentally friendly outdoor recreation activity as well as a type of adventure tourism that may provide new income opportunities to marginal agricultural communities. Hence, at a first glance, the protests against this activity may be puzzling. Looking for explanations for these protests, this empirical study demonstrates how the opposition to dogsledding may be understood as grounded in four elements of a narrative: (1) environmental values are threatened; (2) traditional economic activities are threatened; (3) outsiders take over the mountain; and (4) local people are powerless. Furthermore, we argue that the narrative is part of what we see as a broader Norwegian “rural traditionalist discourse”. This discourse is related to a continued marginalization of rural communities caused by increasing pressure on agriculture to improve its efficiency as well as an “environmentalization” of rural affairs. Thus, the empirical study shows how opposition to dogsledding in a local community is articulated as a narrative that fits into a more general pattern of opposition to rural modernization in Norway as well as internationally.     

近代中国对农业私人投资的供给和需求分析

在中国近代化进程中,要完成对传统农业的改造就必须对农业进行投资,而且是投资于现代生产要素的引进。在私人投资方面,农业的自我投资依赖于农业剩余的供给,而近代中国的贸易赤字和财政赤字却剥夺了大量的农业剩余,造成农业自有资金的枯竭。在农民变得越来越贫困的同时,投资的重任转移到地主身上。可是,与非农业部门相比,较低的农业投资收益率对投资者毫无吸引力。与此相反,农村资金却大量流向了城市,造成了城市的泡沫繁荣。     

中原文明形成过程中的几个特点

关于“文明”一词 ,在学术界可以有许多种不同的解释。对文明这一概念的不同理解 ,以及对文明标志的不同看法 ,直接影响到我们对文明探源所涉及的一系列学术问题。我认为 ,解决这一问题 ,首先是要把文明和文明因素、文明和文明起源在概念上区分开来。“文明”一词在史学上特定的涵义是原始社会已进入国家和阶级社会的时代。以往人们常常把“文字、青铜器、礼仪性建筑、城市的出现作为文明时代的标志。我认为 ,把这些“标志”作为文明的诸多因素 ,似乎更合适一些。从事物发展的角度来看 ,文明的起源并不是一蹴而就的 ,而是有一个较长时间的酝…     

1949年以来中国城市现代化与城市化关系探讨

作为同一历史进程的两个方面 ,城市现代化与城市化本应相互促进、共同发展 ,但由于现代化启动并发生于特殊的历史时代 ,194 9年以来 ,中国的城市现代化与城市化经历长期的曲折反复 ,两者之间的关系错综复杂 ,并呈现出不同的特征 ,直至改革开放以后 ,城市现代化与城市化才最终走上相互协调的良性发展轨道。     

1959年革命前古巴蔗糖业的发展及其影响

19世纪中叶,古巴蔗糖业为了解决自身的危机,通过对土地、劳动力、资金和社会结构的重新组合,使古巴资本主义经济获得了新的动力,取得了飞速的增长。但是,这种增长并没有使古巴成为现代化国家,而是将古巴变成“假发展”的国家,其特点是：有经济增长无全面的社会发展;对蔗糖业、对外贸易和美国市场产生了严重的依赖性。     

当代中国政治现代化的历程及基本经验

在中国共产党的领导下,新中国的政治现代化进程尽管发生过曲折,但的确取得了巨大进展。在经历了良好的开端、曲折发展、重大挫折、恢复与推进等发展阶段后,开创了社会主义市场经济体制下政治现代化的新局面。从这一历程可以看出中国的政治现代化进程不能脱离具体国情,而中国共产党的领导是根本的保障,必须以政治稳定为前提,正确处理西方文明成果、本国政治传统和政治现代化的关系。     

关于青藏高原发展农牧业循环经济的思考

本文立足于解决青藏高原农牧业发展的区域性问题,依据循环经济理论,阐述了青藏高原发展农牧业循环经济的必要性、发展模式,并提出了一些建议。     

非物质劳动的后现代视角探析

随着西方一些发达国家进入后现代社会,后现代进入了人们研究的视野。后现代条件下非物质劳动超越了工业劳动,获得了话语霸权。作为一种新的生产组织形式,通过有意义关系的形成,不但生产商品还生产社会关系,在社会交流的过程中实现了多重价值的增殖,生活具有生产性,生产具有生活性。文章通过对非物质劳动的历史发展的考察,说明非物质劳动是劳动在现阶段的发展。物质劳动与非物质劳动的二分并不是对称性的内涵,非物质劳动对社会生产的新解释,代表了一个新时代的开始。     

WINNING THE HEARTS AND MINDS OF FARMERS: INSTITUTIONALIZED INNOVATION DIFFUSION IN SRI LANKA

Classical diffusion research, both in geography and sociology, received considerable criticism in the 1970s and 1980s, but after that the diffusion debate has faded away. At the same time, one of the earliest contributors to diffusion research, Gabriel Tarde, is now attracting the attention of both geographers and sociologists. Drawing on earlier experiences with agricultural extension and the Green Revolution, this Tarde‐inspired article aims to revitalize the diffusion debate through an ethnographic case study of extension practices in Hambantota District, Sri Lanka. The study is based on field material collected between 2009 and 2011, which includes semi‐structured interviews with representatives from various spread agencies – government agricultural instructors, NGOs, social enterprises, and the inorganic industry – as well as with farmers and other key informants. Following the recent work of Nigel Thrift, it is argued that such an approach to the study of innovation diffusion can be a way of uncovering “the political economy of propensity”. The article suggests that a return to Tarde should not lead researchers back into naïve diffusionism, or towards a position that blames traditionalist farmers for non‐diffusion. Non‐human actors can also exhibit resistance and sociality: innovations travel through a landscape which is both human and non‐human, and the spread of organic farming practices is configured by both bonds of trust among farmers and bonds of chemicals in the soil. Furthermore, it contends that future research may interrogate the ways in which the very medium of diffusion is being reconfigured, following actors' institutionalization of innovation diffusion methods.