“大跃进”期间的深耕土地运动

1957～1958年,毛泽东对山东省厉家寨村和河南省长葛县深翻土地增产经验的总结报告充分肯定,号召全国学习,通过深翻土地达到增产目的。1958年8月,中共中央发出指示,要求全国在两三年内,将一切可能深耕的土地全部深耕一尺以上。全国掀起了轰轰烈烈的深耕土地热潮。在运动中,各地积极组织学习长葛县的深翻土地方法和经验,开展群众性深翻土地大会战。科研人员也积极研制和改造深翻农机具,总结和论证深翻措施及效果,开展深翻土地创高产试验。尽管通过深耕土地达到增产在一定的科学范围内是可行的,但1958年全国性的深耕土地运动,在翻土深度、进度和数量上层层加码,出现了许多盲目蛮干的事例,未能取得预期的增产效果。     

政党现代化视域的选人用人论析

政党现代化是一个不断制度化、规范化、科学化的过程。选人用人是政党的重要功能。选人用人的合法性和科学性,是政党现代化的题中应有之义遥。只有在厘清公共权力、执政党和民众政治参与的逻辑关系的前提下,才能科学把握政党现代化的一般规律,并遵循这个规律来选人用人。     

Charred remains of grains and seeds from the medieval high-status farm site of Reykholt in western Iceland

Abstract

Iceland was settled, primarily by peoples from Norway and the northern British Isles, in the 9th and 10th centuries. The first settlers brought with them from their homelands an agricultural system based on animal husbandry, of which cereal cultivation was an element and also with inputs from fishing, hunting and gathering of wild plants. There are strong indications that barley was cultivated during the first centuries in some parts of the country and that cultivation was at least attempted in other areas. However, Iceland is near the climatic limits of the barley-growing zone, and it is open to discussion how reliable a food source locally grown barley would have been. This paper discusses a seed assemblage of cultivated barley and archetypical weeds of cereal crops dated to between the 10th and 12th centuries AD obtained during archaeological excavations at the high status farm of Reykholt in western Iceland.     

资本主义还是后封建主义——论近代英国租佃农场制的性质

把英国19世纪的租地农场视为资本主义农场,认为租地农场主和工厂主一样是资本家,进而认为19世纪英国的农业是典型的资本主义农业,这一观点是马克思在《资本论》中提出的。它成为迄今我国史学界对英国农业史的一个基本认识。这种认识有违学界对经济制度的分析。从农业史来看,租佃农场不仅在英国近代存在过,在英国封建社会也长期存在。租佃制是各国封建社会常见的农业经济组织形式。英国19世纪的大土地经营不是直接雇佣劳动者耕作,而是分级出租。相当一部分租地农场面积不大,属于家庭农场,不使用或只是部分使用雇佣劳动力生产。一些地区庄园制仍然残存,通过租佃制持有土地的公簿持有农还受到封建领有制残余的束缚。因此,19世纪英国的租佃农场制夹杂着封建残余。19世纪英国农业的性质是资本主义与后封建主义的混合。     

China's Nuclear Energy in Light of the Disaster in Japan

An American specialist on Russian agriculture examines that country's agrarian policy, as well as the agricultural sector more generally, one year into the presidency of Dmitriy Medvedev. Focusing on the three key policy issues—state financial support, state intervention in the grain market, and international food trade policy—he assesses the extent to which current policy represents a continuation of that prevailing during the presidency of Vladimir Putin. The author discusses the appointment of a new Agriculture Minister in 2009, which may signal a different approach to the management of the sector, and concludes with an assessment of the impact of the global financial crisis. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F130, Q100, Q170, Q180. 2 tables, 63 references.     

China's Quiet Agricultural Revolution: Policy and Programs of the New Millennium

Two specialists on China's agricultural sector review the recent course of agrarian reform in the country since the year 2000. More specifically, they summarize the more significant policy changes occurring during the period 2000-2009 (including the rollout of major new programs and agricultural tax relief) while simultaneously tracking impressive improvements in a variety of standard indicators of agricultural performance and rural per capita incomes across China's province-level units. Among other things, the authors draw contrasts between the current (post-WTO accession) and earlier reform period (1980-1985) in agriculture in terms of level of government direction and commitment to develop the sector for its own sake, outline measures undertaken to address problems with the production of tainted and/or adulterated food products, trace significant spatial "reshufflings" of rice and corn production at the provincial level, and offer possible explanations for the outwardly confounding lack of positive relationships between aggregate value of field crops/total value of all agricultural activities and rural incomes at the provincial level. They argue that renewed (yet underpublicized) government attention to the farm sector since 2000 has helped promote social stability in China by increasing food supplies (thus reducing food price effects on inflation), encouraging more sustainable farming practices, and improving rural environmental quality in many areas.     

近代中国对农业私人投资的供给和需求分析

在中国近代化进程中,要完成对传统农业的改造就必须对农业进行投资,而且是投资于现代生产要素的引进。在私人投资方面,农业的自我投资依赖于农业剩余的供给,而近代中国的贸易赤字和财政赤字却剥夺了大量的农业剩余,造成农业自有资金的枯竭。在农民变得越来越贫困的同时,投资的重任转移到地主身上。可是,与非农业部门相比,较低的农业投资收益率对投资者毫无吸引力。与此相反,农村资金却大量流向了城市,造成了城市的泡沫繁荣。     

1959年革命前古巴蔗糖业的发展及其影响

19世纪中叶,古巴蔗糖业为了解决自身的危机,通过对土地、劳动力、资金和社会结构的重新组合,使古巴资本主义经济获得了新的动力,取得了飞速的增长。但是,这种增长并没有使古巴成为现代化国家,而是将古巴变成“假发展”的国家,其特点是：有经济增长无全面的社会发展;对蔗糖业、对外贸易和美国市场产生了严重的依赖性。     

新中国农业税制的历史沿革

新中国的农业税制是在民主革命时期根据地实行的农业税制的基础上建立起来的,1958年出台的<中华人民共和国农业税条例>具有里程碑意义,并一直实施到本世纪初.其后又在农(牧)业税的基础上发展起了农业特产税、耕地占用税以及契税、屠宰税等.除此之外农民还要负担"三提五统"等费用.与此相并行的是统购统销所带来的面向农民的隐性税收.改革开放以来伴随国民经济的发展和农民负担不断加重的现实,中央首先取消了统购统销制度,并在农村税费改革试点的基础上先是取消了农业税以外的额外负担,然后又全面取消了农业税,并最终于2005年底彻底废止了实施近半个世纪的<农业税条例>.     

关于青藏高原发展农牧业循环经济的思考

本文立足于解决青藏高原农牧业发展的区域性问题,依据循环经济理论,阐述了青藏高原发展农牧业循环经济的必要性、发展模式,并提出了一些建议。