From the Panama Canal to Post‐Fordism: Producing Temporary Labor Migrants Within and Beyond Agriculture in the United States (1904–2013)

In the historical study of modern American capitalism, labor unfreedom in agriculture has been conceptualized as an exception to liberal labor relations in the post‐slavery polity, from debt peonage to the threat of deportation from workplaces populated by non‐citizen migrants. At the same time, state‐enforced labor compulsions and restrictions are increasingly part and parcel of what scholars call neoliberal exceptionalism. This article argues that agricultural and neoliberal exceptionalisms are related, by tracing the historical genealogy and juridical production of a restrictive work status, the deportable temporary labor migrant, across political economies in the modern United States, from imperial construction in the Panama Canal Zone, to agriculture, to the knowledge economy. Contrary to existing notions of temporary work visas as a new form of unfreedom in neoliberalized advanced capitalist states, I show how the threat of deportation is older and rooted in the rise of the liberal regulatory state in a post‐slavery, yet persistently racial capitalist political economy. The import of understanding this history of government intervention increases as the liberal regulatory state's coercive logics and practices intensify and circulate in agriculture and under a post‐Fordist regime of accumulation, reproducing racial capitalism in the labor process.     

沙特阿拉伯宪政历程的源头--自由亲王运动

"自由亲王"是沙特阿拉伯现代化发展初期的第三种政治力量,是沙特阿拉伯经历从传统君主制到"发展的独裁模式"之历史性变革的重要推手。自由亲王运动根源于石油时代沙特阿拉伯经济社会秩序的变动,在沙特阿拉伯首次提出宪政民主等现代政治理念并尝试付诸实践,由此成为沙特阿拉伯宪政历程的源头,对沙特阿拉伯政治现代化的发展具有启蒙意义,预示着沙特阿拉伯政治现代化进程的发展方向。     

Imported machines in the garden: the kyŏngun’gi (power tiller) and agricultural mechanization in South Korea

The power tiller was central to the modernization of agricultural practices in East Asia during the latter part of the twentieth century. The small-scale, two-wheeled, walking-type power tiller was adapted from the European garden tractors by Japanese farmer-inventors in the 1920s, and then imported to South Korea in the early 1960s. This article traces the global technology circuit for power tillers, as well as their troublesome entry into the South Korean socioeconomic landscape in the 1960s and 1970s. Once the South Korean manufacturing industry for power tillers established itself, the agricultural machine was embroiled in a controversial political debate over landownership structures, which had profound implications for the very place of agriculture in modern South Korea. In the process of this extended debate, the social meaning of the power tiller itself went through significant change.     

China’s new Eurasian ambitions: the environmental risks of the Silk Road Economic Belt

China is moving ahead with the Silk Road Economic Belt, an ambitious infrastructure development agenda with the distinct promise of regional and sub-regional economic development. However, the initiative will create new environmental risks across the entire Eurasian continent, especially in countries with predominately poor records of environmental governance, including the former Soviet republics and Russia. Concurrently, on the domestic front, the Chinese Government has launched a new policy paradigm, “ecological civilization,” to dramatically improve environmental regulations, reduce pollution, and transform industries by adopting new green technologies and higher environmental standards. But does China’s intention to go through a “green shift” domestically resonate with these new transborder infrastructure development mega-projects? This paper will attempt to answer this question by juxtaposing China’s new domestic policy paradigm with environmental standards currently proposed in its global outreach projects focusing on China-northern Eurasia and China-Russia, including trade exchanges in natural resources.     

试论中国近代社会的发展演进——兼论北洋集团与中国早期现代化

北洋集团在中国早期现代化运动中起到了一定的作用。北洋集团推动了清政府的现代化决策,在推行军事、警政、教育、司法等部门的现代化方面,产生了较大的影响。北洋集团在山东、直隶、东北地区的早期区域现代化建设方面,也做出了较显著的成绩。     

新中国农业税制的历史沿革

新中国的农业税制是在民主革命时期根据地实行的农业税制的基础上建立起来的,1958年出台的<中华人民共和国农业税条例>具有里程碑意义,并一直实施到本世纪初.其后又在农(牧)业税的基础上发展起了农业特产税、耕地占用税以及契税、屠宰税等.除此之外农民还要负担"三提五统"等费用.与此相并行的是统购统销所带来的面向农民的隐性税收.改革开放以来伴随国民经济的发展和农民负担不断加重的现实,中央首先取消了统购统销制度,并在农村税费改革试点的基础上先是取消了农业税以外的额外负担,然后又全面取消了农业税,并最终于2005年底彻底废止了实施近半个世纪的<农业税条例>.     

有关农业产业化与农业社会化服务体系问题探讨

农业产业化是现代农业发展的趋势和特点。在我国农业产业化作为一种新的生产经营方式,是改革与发展的产物。健全和完善不同特色系列的农业社会化服务体系是农业产业化发展的客观要求和保证,二者相辅相成。本文以陕西关中地区为例,在分析现状特点、存在问题、相互关系的基础上,提出了适宜重点发展的四种"匹配模式"。并认为在思想上,要实现"三破三立";在战略上,要调整和优化"三大结构";在举措上,要做到"三个依靠、三个结合。     

海外华人三重性及其作用--以马来西亚为例

本文以马来西亚华人为例探讨华人三重性即中华性、本地性和国际性的形成、内容、地位、结构及其在马来西亚现代化中的作用.笔者认为三重性是马来西亚华人的本质属性,其内容、地位及结构的变化不仅取决于马来西亚的国家环境以及华人与马来族等其他种族的关系,而且还取决于中国的影响以及华人社会本身的状况,并决定华人在马来西亚现代化进程中的作用及其局限性.     

“新工艺运动”说辨

1875～1910年间新工艺运动的发展可分为两个阶段,新工艺运动如何从中国化内部寻找现代美术的变革途径,并从非主流的工艺技术层面开辟对内和对外交换的资源系统,在一定程度上动摇了中国传统美术的化价值观。