United with the Countrymen: Folklore Studies at Peking University, 1918–26

Late nineteenth and early twentieth century China faced a grave national crisis resulting from intense foreign pressure and a rigid political system that was incapable of adapting to the challenges of the modern world. China’s decline did, however, lead to a wave of nationalism that swept across Chinese society. Set against this backdrop, a new generation of patriotically minded intellectuals, one with relatively broad exposure to Western thinking and academic methods, turned its focus to enlightening the oppressed masses as a means of bringing about national salvation. These intellectuals pursued this forward-looking aim by looking to the past for inspiration. More specifically, they looked to folk culture as a means of connecting with the common people and weaving together a new discourse that promoted national unity. Under these circumstances, a group of professors at Peking University, including Zhou Zuoren, Liu Fu, and Gu Jiegang, began to search for vernacular works in folk culture. This article examines folklore studies at Peking University expanding from folksongs to folk customs and other forms of folk literature. It focuses on early folklorists’ activities, folklore organizations, and primary publications. Under the university’s influence, folklore studies appeared in various newspapers and other research institutions in Beijing and Shanghai in rapid succession.     

以王韬为例看传统知识分子的思想转型

王韬传统思想近代化的转变代表着中国传统知识分子的儒家正统思想向近代思想转化的一般过程。而王韬个人的特殊经历,对西学的体认和与西方传教士的亲密接触,其儒家传统思想的转变,表现出传统知识分子思想近代化的特殊性。     

论外籍雇员在中国早期现代化中的作用

晚清时期,受聘来华洋员对中国的早期现代化事业起了重要的推动作用。他们积极地为洋务大员创办新式事业出谋划策,并亲自参与新式事业基础设施建设;努力促进新式事业的发展壮大,推动技术进步;充当新式事业的教练、工师、监工、匠目以及学堂教习、留学生监督等,培养了为数不少的掌握了科学技术知识的人才。当然,其中也有不能尽力、不遵约束。     

Behavioural implications of temporal change in cariogenesis

The understanding of process in the archaeological record can only be achieved through the use of a wide range of information. This paper utilizes data from biological anthropology by looking at change in frequency of dental caries with the shift to an agricultural based economy on the prehistoric Georgia coast after c. AD 1150. There is an increase in frequency of carious lesions which is more marked in the females, thus indicating a relatively greater impact of the dietary shift on them than on the males. Most likely, this disparity is due to subsistence role differences between the sexes: males maintained hunting responsibilities, while females were responsible for agricultural related activity, including food preparation.     

廖鲁言与农业合作化

廖鲁言作为农村工作主要领导人之一 ,长期在农村工作的第一线主持工作。他根据农村的实际情况 ,探索总结出许多切合实际的经验 ,提出了许多适合中国国情的农业社会主义改造的主张。但毛泽东总认为廖的思想落后于农村及国内政治形势的发展 ,多次批评指责。廖鲁言竭力在中央的指示和农村的现状之间寻找平衡 ,在不违背中央精神的情况下 ,谨慎地执行切合农村实际的政策 ,并为此不懈努力 ,作出了重要贡献。但毛泽东过高估计农民走社会主义道路的积极性、急于改变农村生产关系的合作化政策 ,终于迫使他中断、放弃了正确的探索 ,被卷入“左”倾运动的浪潮。     

我国农业结构战略性调整的目标与态势分析

农业结构调整是针对当前我国农业面临的突出问题和面向中长期农业发展目标而实施的农业振兴计划,其根本目标就是把长期以来不符合市场消费需求和没有市场前景的品种及播种面积果断地退下来,形成适应农业发展多样化、优质化、专用化的市场需求,促进农业经营逐步由粗放型向集约型、由数量型向质量效益型的根本性转变。积极推进农业结构调整也是加入WTO后实现我国农业可持续发展的基本出路和动力。近几年来,受国家宏观调控与市场调节作用的影响,我国农业结构调整战略性调整快速推进,农业生产的优势区、产业带新格局正在形成。     

现代农业与小农制衔接的两个理论问题

走中国特色农业现代化道路需要解决两大实践难题：一是如何实现小农制与现代农业的有效衔接;二是如何培育资本农业的生成机制。归结起来就是“钱从哪里来”和“人往哪里去”的问题。这里涉及到两个理论问题：如何认识现代小农制的历史地位,如何解决资本与劳动的矛盾对立。本文围绕上述问题,对19世纪末以来马克思主义经典作家的相关讨论做一回顾性阐释。     

港口-腹地与中国现代化进程学术研究综述

随着改革开放的深入进行,中国的现代化进程问题日益引起人们的关注。相关研究成果很多,意义也相当重大,但是,令人满意的阐释至今并不多见。近年来,学术界从港口-腹地角度进行的探讨,取得了较大的成功。这一课题的继续,无疑会为中国现代化进程的研究,增添浓重的光彩。