国外老年旅游研究进展与理论体系——兼论人文主义地理学研究老年旅游的思路框架

老年旅游的发展是全球人口结构老龄化的现象之一,成为了旅游学、老年学等多学科交叉研究的一个重要领域。国外已经形成了一个较为完善的研究体系,国内对老年旅游的关注日益提高,但尚处于现象描述等初期阶段,各学科关注度和研究深度较一般。本文以人文地理学科为背景,收集、整理并仔细分析了国外老年旅游研究的主要文献,系统性的地总结了国外老年旅游研究的进展脉络、线索、较具代表性的学术理论观点和多学科的理论与方法介入状况。从人文主义地理学的理论视角分析了目前国外老年旅游研究的不足,作出了人文主义地理学对老年旅游研究的适用性研判,并提出了新的研究思路框架。一方面致力于解决现实的研究问题,另一方面是寻求人文地理学科在老年旅游研究中的深度介入,兼具理论意义和应用价值。     

闪光灯对博物馆内染色丝织品的影响

闪光灯在博物馆内总被禁止使用,但其对藏品的影响存在争议。国内外在这方面的研究较少,且已有的实验不能真实反映游客在博物馆内使用闪光灯的情况,除此之外评价指标集中在色度,较为单一。 为正确评价闪光灯对博物馆内藏品的影响,前期实地调研了博物馆内闪光灯使用情况,以游客众多的陕西历史博物馆为代表,经调研数据分析,约2.4%的游客会对特定文物使用一次闪光灯。 实验部分以符合《博物馆照明设计规范》的荧光灯作为博物馆陈列光源,以植物染料花青染色的丝织品为例模拟光敏感型藏品,根据博物馆调研的数据,分别进行荧光灯和闪光灯对染色丝织品的老化实验,共予以荧光灯组样品823 011 lx·h曝光量照射,闪光灯组样品350 166次闪光灯照射。使用色差计、万能材料试验机、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)检测样品的老化程度,探究闪光灯对染色丝织品的影响程度。2组实验条件下,研究结果显示:1)样品色差值ΔE皆小于1.0,外观基本没有变化。2)样品抗拉强度都有所下降,降幅低于10%,其中荧光灯组样品损失率为9.56%,闪光灯组样品损失率为2.54%,荧光灯组下降幅度更大。3)扫描电镜观察样品的纤维没有断裂,样品微观形貌老化前后没有明显差异。4)傅里叶变换红外光谱结构分析,2组光老化使样品975 cm-1处的—Gly—Gly—肽链结构发生了降解,荧光灯组比闪光灯组降解更多;2组光老化均没有使样品产生—CH₃对称变角振动;2组光老化使样品产生氧化降解,且荧光灯组氧化降解程度更大;二级结构分析中,结晶区的β-折叠均发生了轻微降解,且荧光灯组相对含量下降更大。 研究结果表明:在陈列光源照度50 lx,博物馆游客日流量10 000人的情况下,荧光灯给丝织品带来的影响大于闪光灯对丝织品带来的影响。从全国博物馆数量和游客参观数据来看,平均307.98年才能达到的游客1 449万人次参观博物馆所使用的闪光灯对染色丝织品的影响是轻微的。传统观点认为“闪光灯对文物影响很大”,而本研究表明,基于调研中的我国博物馆目前的参观情况,符合《博物馆照明设计规范》要求的荧光灯灯源影响更甚于闪光灯。     

“Ill‐natured comparisons”: Racism and relativism in European representations of ni‐Vanuata from Cook's second voyage

Landes’ anthropological theorizing, highlighting the connections between race, gender, sexuality and class, expressed an Eastern European Jewish female praxis well-established by the late 1920s and early ‘30s when Landes began her research career. Landes’ changing Jewish identification through her life resulted from gendered aging and the reformulation of Jewish racialization processes in the U.S. Her late life reflections are evidence of what Susan Watkins calls ‘gendered late-style’ as well as Jewish conceptions of time as anti-linear and counter-normative. I investigate how her Jewish socialist Yiddish-speaking family background inflected her interpersonal and professional networks and her writings on anti-racist, class and gender-based themes.

Abbreviations: RLP: Ruth Landes Papers; NAA: National Anthropological Archives; SI: Smithsonian Institution; RBP: Ruth Benedict Papers; ASC: Archives and Special Collections Library; VCL: Vassar College Libraries     

髹漆丝织品光老化性能的测试分析

髹漆丝织品光老化性能的测试分析,旨在了解其抗光老化的能力,为出土髹漆丝织品的保存和展示提供科学的依据。本工作以精制纯漆和桐油漆料分别髹涂的丝织物及未经髹涂的丝织品为试样,进行加速光老化处理。对试样的测试表明,两种髹漆试样经光照后强伸性下降轻缓,相同时段的降幅远低于丝织品,桐油漆试样降幅最小。两种漆膜在光老化中均有轻微的空洞和裂纹,纯漆膜损伤稍大。光老化过程中,漆膜对丝纤维的保护作用较好,漆丝的结晶度未有明显下降,而未髹漆丝纤维的结晶度下降显著。本研究的结果可以为出土髹漆丝织品的保存和展示提供科学的依据     

Vietnamese Aging and Marital Sexual Behavior in Comparative Perspective

This study examines marital sexual activity in relation to age and its significance for marital relationships in Vietnam with particular attention to older persons. Results are compared with Thailand and the US. Two regional surveys provide the first quantitative assessment of marital sex in Vietnam. As elsewhere, marital sexual activity declines with age. At older ages, substantial proportions of married Vietnamese are sexually inactive. Levels of activity among older Vietnamese and Thais are remarkably similar and substantially lower than in the US. Contrary to US studies, the frequency of sexual activity shows little relationship to marital satisfaction and harmony in Vietnam. Possible explanations for these differences are discussed in terms of biases in the data, differences in health and living arrangements, and societal, cultural and normative contexts. We speculate that a main reason underlying the differences is a lesser societal emphasis on sex in general and on the importance of sexual and physical intimacy in marital relationships in Vietnam and Thailand than in the US.     

The Conservation of Nature and the Geographic Sciences (as illustrated by the Ukraine)

The authors discuss the importance of geography teaching from the point of view of Communist indoctrination of students. The content of geography courses in Ukrainian schools is described and analyzed.     

贵州省人口老龄化的现状趋势特点及对策

本通过“五普”、“四普”及相关的资料,分析了贵州省人口老龄化的现状、趋势和特征,探讨了老龄化将会给贵州带来的可能影响并对应采取的对策提出了看法。     

髹漆丝织物的水解老化性能研究

髹漆丝织物水解老化性能的测试研究,旨在了解髹漆丝织品抗老化的能力,为出土髹漆丝织品的起取、保存和展示提供科学的依据.以精制纯漆和加入15%桐油的桐油漆分别对丝织物进行髹涂整理,并对整理后的试样进行加速碱性水解老化处理.测试表明,纯漆试样和桐油漆试样的强度和伸长性能下降迅速.老化初期与丝绸降幅相近,随着老化延续,降幅大于丝绸,桐油漆试样降幅最大.漆膜在碱性水解老化中发生开裂,对蚕丝没有保护和加固作用.桐油漆膜受碱液损伤尤为严重.老化导致蚕丝结晶度下降,脆化的漆膜和老化蚕丝结合,强度和伸长性反而不如老化丝绸.检测表明,髹涂纯生漆和桐油漆的丝织物耐碱性水解老化的能力均很差,逊于未髹漆的丝织物.相比之下,桐油漆试样尤其差.     

Aging fetal and juvenile skeletons from Roman Period Egypt using basiocciput osteometrics

This paper tests the use of basiocciput osteometrics against those of femoral diaphyseal length and dental development for aging fetal and juvenile skeletal remains. The study sample consists of 39 fetal and juvenile skeletons recovered from Kellis 2, a Roman Period cemetery in Dakhleh, Egypt. The results add to the corpus of data supporting the reliability of this method for use in both bioarchaeological and forensic contexts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.