Modeling skeletal traits and functions of the upper body: Comparing archaeological and anthropological material

The aim of this study is to look at upper body functional modifications caused by mechanical loading. We look at 4th lumbar vertebra as well as fibrous humeral musculoskeletal stress markers (MSMs). This study uses information provided by magnetic resonance images of living individuals from the University of Oulu Hospital data banks (N = 91), archaeological skeletons from Sweden (N = 54) and England (N = 61), and autopsied skeletal collection of early 20th century Finns in Natural History Museum, University of Helsinki (N = 48). The lumbar vertebrae and MSM are subjected to mechanical loading caused by the upper body weight and loads lifted and/or carried. We hypothesized that the vertebral size reflect body size, habitual mechanical loading and the overall skeletal robusticity as mechanical competence to withstand mechanical loading standardized to body size, which has decreased over millennia. For Helsinki material occupation, age and sex is known and the material was used in Niinimäki (2011). In the study by Niinimäki (2011) MSM were found to be affected by the intensity of muscular action as well as body size and age. This study is reviewed here in light of re-analysis of the data to follow the current anatomical understanding of the entheses as well as viewing MSMs as a part of upper body functional complex. Only fibrous entheses were included in the re-analysis. Furthermore, due to small number of females where activity intensity could be assessed, females were dropped from the re-analysis.     

基于行为空间视角的大观园空间解读

对微观个体行为空间研究已经成为人文地理学空间研究的重要内容。本文以曹雪芹《红楼梦》中核心人物的活动信息和空间信息为资料依据,在国内首次从地理学微观个体行为的视角,在理论和方法论上对小说核心人物行为空间进行思考和研究,尝试将行为地理学研究方法引入文学文本研究领域。研究认为:从地理学视角对小说核心人物的空间信息、活动信息进行统计,以此作为人物微观个体行为空间信息要素是可行的;从地理学行为空间视角思考作者对小说文本内容设计意图,有利于对小说文本进行理性的解读与思考,避免文本被意识形态化。     

今日大海道——大海道考古探险纪实

大海道是古代丝绸之路上连接吐鲁番和敦煌的最近一条路。因道路险阻 ,近现代各种探险活动很难走完全程。新世纪之初 ,我国大海道考古探险队克服重重困难险阻 ,历时11天 ,成功穿越了大海道。文章较为详细地记述了此次探险考察活动的全过程     

云纹瓦当在洛阳地区的发展与演变

瓦当,作为一种建筑构件,其外形或当面图案纹饰在不同时期有着明显的变化,是现代考古发掘与研究工作中确定某一城址或建筑基址时代的可靠标志物。本文通过对洛阳地区出土的东周──魏晋云纹瓦当进行收集与整理研究,确定时代并总结出发展演变规律。     

中国入境外国游客旅游行为研究

在心理测试量表调查的基础上,利用心理学实验,归纳,演绎推理,行为意象图,数理统计等分析方法,从游客决策行为、空间行为、旅游文化行为切入,研究中国热点城市日韩、北美、东南亚、欧洲客源市场游客的行为规律及其制约因素,构建主要群体入境游客的旅游行为模式,发现了入境外国游客旅游选择偏好、时空动态规律;探讨旅游决策的主导模式、范式和影响决策的可控因素;研究"文化边际域"中的跨文化冲突特征和旅游认知预期衰减效应模式;揭示了旅游意愿评价、旅游感知评价数量模型和四种不同群体游客文化交互模式。并提出了适应外国游客旅游行为的相应对策建议。     

运用空间自相关分析集聚经济类型的地理格局

集聚经济的类型决定着区域经济的发展方向。传统的度量指标是基尼系数、Ellison-Glaeser指数等,但这类指标却没有考虑相邻地区间经济的相互影响。据此,本文提出用空间自相关方法,衡量区域的集聚经济水平,并且利用2002年江苏省县级工业数据,实证分析和探讨江苏省城市化和地方化集聚经济的地理格局。     

深圳市民工作日生活活动时空结构特征研究

选取居民工作日的日常生活活动作为研究对象,通过对深圳市抽样居民的实证研究,分析居民工作日生活活动的一般特征,探讨居民属性与居民生活时间利用和活动空间分布的相关性,比较分析了不同类型及不同地区之间深圳市民日常生活活动时空结构的差异性。     

信息通讯技术对城中村女性居民活动空间的影响研究

21世纪以来,信息通讯技术（ICT）的飞速发展对居民日常生活产生了深刻影响,导致居民日常活动时空特征的重构。本研究利用北京城中村居民问卷调查数据,探究ICT影响下的城中村女性居民的活动空间。首先,通过归纳城中村女性居民网络活动特征,发现具有年轻、未在婚姻关系内、受教育水平高、经济状况较好等人口学和社会经济特征的女性是进行上网活动的主体人群。其次,运用计量模型探究ICT影响下的城中村女性居民的活动空间,发现ICT不是居住空间选择的影响因素但能减小女性休闲娱乐活动空间的制约。此外,网络购物对实体购物的补充作用大于替代作用。随着ICT影响的日益扩大,本文的研究结论对于政府制定相关政策和城市规划管理具有较强的现实意义。     

Suburbanization and sprawl in post-socialist Belgrade and Sofia

The goal of this research is to examine the processes of suburbanization and sprawl in two post-socialist capital cities in Southeast Europe – Belgrade, Serbia and Sofia, Bulgaria. Our analysis begins with a survey of relevant historical developments in the two cities, which illustrates the impact of major political, economic and social drivers on urban development processes and form. We follow this with an empirical study aimed at identifying contemporary features of peri-urban processes occurring in the two cities. Specifically, we explore spatial patterns, general population trends and changes in urban densities. Our study confirms earlier observations by other researchers that processes of suburbanization are occurring in Belgrade and Sofia. Yet this research goes further and emphasizes the specific combination of conditions inherited from the era of state socialism and the features of South-east European urban culture. Thus regarding the form of urban expansion, we observe relatively weak trends of sprawl with strong local specifics. On this basis, we discuss our empirical results with the objective of identifying the specifics of studied processes in Belgrade and Sofia as a grounds for the articulation of an appropriate policy framework.     

广州市低收入群体户外活动的时空排斥及其影响机制

低收入群体的社会公平问题是城市发展中的重要问题之一。随着时间地理学的兴起,居民时空间活动为探讨低收入群体的社会排斥提供了一个新视角。文章引入“活动排斥”概念,构建了一套定量衡量居民活动时空排斥程度的指标体系,归纳出时空排斥的衡量因子,将对时空排斥问题从描述统计层面深入到排斥衡量与解释层面。研究发现：低收入群体在活动空间范围与活动等级、丰富度等多个层面与整体评价水平存在差异,户外活动确实受到排斥。这种排斥现象受到受刚性活动时间及个体的社会经济属性等因素的明显制约;居住社区周边的设施服务供给、邻里社交网络等因素分别作用于各个时空排斥维度。