重评耆英的外交活动及其思想

耆英被人们认定为投降派,所办外交被称为投降外交。其实,耆英在海关税则、禁烟、收回舟山诸问题的交涉中,都为中国之利权殚心竭虑。仅粤海关税收的实际增幅就达50%左右。耆英主持外交的最大贡献,是在中外之间维持了数年和平相安的局面。至于所失之主权,乃源于时代之局限。耆英“诚信守约”的根本目的是限制列强,维护中国权益。“一视同仁”主张的实质是平等开放,“与外人平等交往”是当时乃至之后的十余年间最为开明和进步的外交思想。     

A Test of the Effectiveness of the Coimbra Method in Capturing Activity‐induced Entheseal Changes

The current paper tests the effectiveness of entheseal changes in expressing activity patterns when the former have been recorded using the new Coimbra method. Changes on the subscapularis and biceps brachii were recorded using the Coimbra method on 78 men from the documented Athens Collection. Generalised linear models were adopted with entheseal changes as dependent variable and cross‐sectional geometric properties, age and body mass as predictors. The results suggest that age is the factor most frequently affecting entheseal changes; however, its impact is not as systematic as found in previous studies. Body mass is rarely statistically significant, again contradicting earlier studies. Finally, activity proxied by cross‐sectional geometric properties is occasionally significant, but no clear pattern emerges that can associate specific entheseal morphological changes with specific directions of mechanical loading. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于活动空间的城市不同类型社区居民蓝绿空间品质差异研究

人本导向的动态蓝绿空间品质差异研究日益受到关注。本文从城市居住分异视角切入,以南京市单位小区、传统社区、城中村、保障房和商品房小区的不同收入人群为研究对象,考察其居住地、工作地、其他日常活动地点以及主要活动路径上的蓝绿空间品质,交叉对比不同类型社区和不同收入群体获得的蓝绿空间品质差异,进而研究蓝绿空间质量对居民环境感知的影响机制。研究表明,基于活动空间测度的不同社区类型居民蓝绿空间品质差异明显,但不同收入群体蓝绿空间品质差异不显著;活动路径的蓝绿空间要素比活动地点对居民环境感知的影响更大。     

Asymmetry and activity-related change in the male humerus

Some previous studies of activity-related change in the human skeleton have been of doubtful validity because specific changes have been related to particular tasks. Claims to establish such relationships have often concentrated on the development of entheses. Such work is marred by the incorrect assumption that muscles work in isolation in the performance of a single activity. In addition, normal skeletal asymmetry is often ignored, as is age and sex. In the present work, paired humeri of males from two medieval British sites, Norwich and Henry VIII's flagship, the Mary Rose, were compared using a series of measurements. Comparison of left and right sides demonstrated that humeral asymmetry decreases with age. Comparison of the sites showed that the Norwich males were more asymmetric than those from the Mary Rose. All asymmetries exhibited a right-sided dominance. The majority of the species is right-handed: the Norwich males followed this trend. The general lack of asymmetry in the Mary Rose males suggests that they were using their arms more equally. When left and right sides were compared directly, a new measurement of the greater tubercle (where three muscles insert) and measurement of the diameter of the head demonstrated that the Mary Rose males had significantly larger dimensions of the left shoulder than the Norwich males. These results extend earlier work, which had suggested a correlation between the use of heavy medieval longbows and os acromiale. Statistical comparison of the sites demonstrated that such work can indicate patterns of activity but not individual occupations.     

Lifestyle,occupation, and whole bone morphology of the pre‐Hispanic Maya coastal population from Xcambó, Yucatan,Mexico

The present bioarchaeological study examines the external diaphyseal geometric properties of humeri, radii, femora and tibiae of the Classic period skeletal population of Xcambó, Yucatan, Mexico. The diaphysial proportions are evaluated using a biomechanical approach together with data from the material context and other osteological information. Our intent is to provide new answers to questions concerning lifestyle, domestic labour division and subsistence strategies of this coastal Maya settlement that was inhabited from the Late and Terminal Preclassic (300 BC–350 AD) to the Postclassic Period (900–1500 AD). Our results provide evidence for a marked sexual division of labour when compared with values from contemporaneous inland populations. The overall male and female loading patterns differ remarkably in terms of form and in bilateral comparison. A high directional asymmetry in the upper limbs is evident among males, a condition related to maritime transportation and trading activities. On the other hand, female upper limbs are characterized by very low side differences. Forces on the arms of women were probably dominated by food processing, in particular the grinding of grains or seeds. In the lower limbs, males show significantly higher anteroposterior bending strengths, which can be explained by greater engagement in transportation tasks and carrying heavy loads. In the course of the Classic period (350–900 AD), diachronic changes affect the male sample only, which suggests a shift of occupational pattern and physical demands. This shift, in turn, reflects Xcambó's changing role as the centre of a densifying settlement area and its place in the trading activities of northern Yucatan. Other topics of discussion relate to general regional trends and local prehispanic subsistence strategies. Our conclusions emphasize the value of geometric long bone analysis in the reconstruction of activity patterns and lifestyles in ancient coastal settlements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

What constitutes a ‘trip’? Examining child journey attributes using GPS and self-report

Active travel is associated with improved health and development outcomes in children. Accurate detection of children's travel behaviors and routes, however, is problematic. Travel diaries are often used to collect information on children's travel behaviors, yet no evidence for the accuracy of this methodology exists. This study investigated the validity of children's self-reported trips (origin, destination) compared with an objective criterion (global positioning systems units; GPS). Children (n = 10, 9–11 y) wore the GPS units for seven consecutive days between March and June 2011 and completed travel diaries daily with researcher assistance. Affinity group interviews were conducted in December 2011 with 30 children from two schools to garner perspectives on trip definition, neighborhood perceptions, and to illuminate GPS and travel diary findings. GPS journeys were manually compared with travel diary journeys for destination sequencing, start times, and travel mode. Accuracy in trip sequencing was compared by day type, and journey type using percentage differences and the chi-square (χ²) statistic. Of the 380 trips captured, 54.5% of journey sequences were fully or partially matched, 22.4% were GPS only trips and 23.2% travel diary only. Greater accuracy (full/partial match) was observed for weekdays than for weekend days and for the journey to or from school than for other journeys. Travel mode agreement existed for 99% of matched trips. Although children's travel diaries may confer contextual journey information, they may not provide completely accurate information on journey sequencing. Thematic analysis of affinity group data revealed that reasons for this are multifaceted, including differing concepts of what constitutes a ‘trip’. A combined approach of GPS and travel diary is recommended to gather a comprehensive understanding of children's journey characteristics.     

Diffuse hydrothermal methane output and evidence of methanotrophic activity within the soils at Sousaki (Greece)

Methane soil flux measurements have been made in 38 sites at the geothermal system of Sousaki (Greece) with the closed chamber method. Fluxes range from ?47.6 to 29 150 mg m^?2 day^?1, and the diffuse CH₄ output of the system has been estimated at 19 t a^?1. Contemporaneous CO₂ flux measurements showed a moderate positive correlation between CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes. Comparison of the CO₂/CH₄ soil flux ratios with the CO₂/CH₄ ratio of the gases of the main gas manifestations provided evidence for methanotrophic activity within the soil. Laboratory CH₄ consumption experiments confirmed the presence of methanotrophic microorganisms in soil samples collected at Sousaki. Consumption was generally in the range from ?4.9 to ?38.9 pmolCH₄ h^?1 g^?1 but could sometimes reach extremely high values (?33 000 pmolCH₄ h^?1 g^?1). These results are consistent with recent studies on other geothermal systems that revealed the existence of thermoacidophilic bacteria exerting methanotrophic activity in hot, acid soils, thereby reducing methane emissions to the atmosphere.     

英语“任务型”教学活动特点之我见

如何在英语课堂教学中体现新的教学理念,如何选择相关的教学内容并设计“任务型”的教学活动,以及在教学活动的具体操作过程中应注意哪些问题,都是英语课堂教学改革的新课题。本文结合作者在教改中一些做法,谈谈对英语“任务型”教学活动特点的几点认识。     

晚明复社的社会活动与社会思想——兼论复社学术的经世取向

晚明文人结社,尤以复社规模最巨,影响最大,活动最频繁.复社的社会活动具有明显的时代特色和政治取向.与复社社会活动形成鲜明照映的是复社的社会思想和经世学术.社会思想在诸如经世济民、名节道义方面,都体现出强烈的社会历史意义;而学术体系中的经学、史学成绩皆有着深刻的经世内涵.复社的社会思想与学术取向,在明清之际的社会转变中,具有不可或缺的、承前启后的重大历史意义.     

Micromorphological Study of Concotto Surfaces Protected by the Avellino Eruption in 3945 ± 10 cal. BP at the Early Bronze Age of Afragola Village in Southern Italy

ABSTRACT

The term Concotto refers to fragments or patches of hard heated clay that derive from living surfaces, walls, and ovens. Concotto fragments are found throughout the Italian peninsula and date from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. Current studies express contradictory opinions about whether or not the Concottos on living surfaces represent intentionally constructed surfaces or the secondary products of the contact between hot embers and sediments. This study uses micromorphological analysis to investigate the function and composition of Concotto surfaces from several domestic structures at the Early Bronze Age village of Afragola in southern Italy. Afragola is an exceptionally preserved agricultural village that was covered by almost 1?m of volcanic ash during the Vesuvius eruption in 3945?±?10 cal. BP. The Concottos at Afragola are hard, red surfaces that are typically associated with burned materials. Micromorphological analysis reveals that the Concottos were intentionally made by laying down patches of clay and then heating them to create a hard, flat surface. This study explores the potential uses of the Concotto as cooking surfaces during the Early Bronze Age of southern Italy.