The Urban Village,Agrarian Transformation,and Rentier Capitalism in Gurgaon,India

Gurgaon, India's “millennium city”, is today synonymous with India's embrace of global real estate capital and private sector‐led urban development. This paper asserts that Gurgaon's spectacular urbanisation has been fundamentally underpinned by an uneven process of land acquisition, exemption and agrarian transformation. Shifting away from dispossession‐centred analyses of contemporary urbanisation in India, this paper explores Gurgaon's “urban villages” to consider the uneven integration of agrarian classes into emerging urban real estate markets. Through an examination of differential experiences of land acquisition and agrarian social change among Gurgaon's landowning classes, the paper seeks to trace complex and nonlinear processes of agrarian transformation which make possible landscapes of global accumulation.     

Carbon accumulation and C/N ratios of peat bogs in North‐West Scotland

Three different Scottish peat bogs were sampled, dated and analysed for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations. The mean long‐term apparent rate of C accumulation (LARCA) for the three bogs is 213 g C m^～2 yr^‐1’ over the past eight to nine thousand years, comparable to estimates from other parts of the world with similar climate conditions. Within the catotelm portion of peat sequences, the LARCA is variable, ranging from 4.1 to 72.5 g C m^～2 yr^～1. Rates were highest in the early Holocene, in peat rich in woody fragments, and lowest in the mid‐Holocene during drier periods, followed by increased rates during the late Holocene. Analysis of C/N ratios shows a significant positive correlation with peat humification. This may be because past changes in bog wetness affected the C/N ratios of newly forming peat by altering rates of N mineralisation and loss before incorporation of peat into the catotelm.     

How Neoliberal Is China's Reform? The Origins of Change during Transition

A UK-based geographer and specialist on China's urbanization reviews changes occuring in China during its market transition through the prism of neoliberalism. More specifically, by reviewing the recent literature on neoliberalism, the author searches for parallels between that approach and the political-economic, historical, and social developments associated with market transition in China (e.g., land and housing commodification, rural to urban migration, changes in access to education and health care). The question of to what extent (and in what ways) China's reforms— featuring an expanding role for the market—can be considered neoliberal is conditioned by the continuing importance and involvement of the state in all spheres of activity.     

论阳明心学与散文载道传统的进境

明中叶后,华而无实的文风渐滋日盛,以故时人每有文佞之议。在这样的情形下,同样以复兴儒道为职志的阳明心学承担起救弊之责,而阳明心学“心即理”主张下的“正心”所倡言的“师古人之心”的具体内涵也本质上暗合了散文载道传统。因此,若推本溯源的话,“师古人之心”比师古人之文无疑在学道的取资上更加勘进一步。而其对“文以载道”的影响自然不再像前代那样单纯地附道于文,实际上更要求道熔铸于心而自然流露。这样,具道于心而自然发抒之文,不论诉诸于何种内容,以何种形式表现,则文章必然充溢着道的气息而“莫非道之用也”。     

Ordinary Geographies: Care,Violence, and Agrarian Extractivism in “Post-Conflict” Colombia

In Colombia’s agrarian spaces, war and extractivism are deeply entangled. Almost four years after the peace accords signed between the national government and the FARC guerrilla, post-conflict geographies are best characterised by the ongoing dispossession of local populations related to the entrenchment of extractivism. Drawing from ethnographic work carried out in the Colombian Caribbean on the ordinary practices and spaces of social reproduction, the ordinary geographies, this article explores gendered practices of care and their role in both sustaining and disrupting paramilitary violence and agrarian extractivism. The focus not just on the gendered effects of war and extractivism, but on gender’s constitutive role in the configuration of these processes and dynamics, allows us to contribute to recent literature on extractivism, dispossession and violence from a feminist standpoint.     

北大藏《水陆里程简册》所见秦南阳郡交通线路新探

北京大学藏秦《水陆里程简册》有记载从“邓攀渚”到“鲁阳”一段水陆里程数字,利用GIS测量实地距离与之比对,试复原沿线聚落、仓庾、津渡等交通节点的建址布局,进而重新考证《水陆里程简册》所载线路行径。在此基础上,重新审视秦南阳郡在这一时期南北交通网络中所处的位置。     

在危机中开创生机:评武周时期的逃户措施及其意义

武周后期户口大量逃亡,对社会经济带来很大的冲击.武则天从深远和实际的利益着手,突破常规,改变逃户的法律地位,采取积极的诱导和安抚,且辅佐刑令的宽猛相济、灵活合理的户口政策,使逃户得以复籍安身.武则天的逃户措施,是一场重大和影响深远的社会经济改革.它不但化解了逃户问题所可能引起的危机,还从危机中为日益困难的财政创造生机.它的成功经验为日后朝廷制定逃户政策带来了重要的启示.更值得重视的是,它也是中国古代专制王朝从用严刑峻法取缔逃户,发展到以彻底修改法令正式承认逃户合法性的一个重要过渡.     

Overpressure and petroleum generation and accumulation in the Dongying Depression of the Bohaiwan Basin, China

The occurrence of abnormally high formation pressures in the Dongying Depression of the Bohaiwan Basin, a prolific oil‐producing province in China, is controlled by rapid sedimentation and the distribution of centres of active petroleum generation. Abnormally high pressures, demonstrated by drill stem test (DST) and well log data, occur in the third and fourth members (Es3 and Es4) of the Eocene Shahejie Formation. Pressure gradients in these members commonly fall in the range 0.012–0.016 MPa m^?1, although gradients as high as 0.018 MPa m^?1 have been encountered. The zone of strongest overpressuring coincides with the areas in the central basin where the principal lacustrine source rocks, which comprise types I and II kerogen and have a high organic carbon content (>2%, ranging to 7.3%), are actively generating petroleum at the present day. The magnitude of overpressuring is related not only to the burial depth of the source rocks, but to the types of kerogen they contain. In the central basin, the pressure gradient within submember Es32, which contains predominantly type II kerogen, falls in the range 0.013–0.014 MPa m^?1. Larger gradients of 0.014–0.016 MPa m^?1 occur in submember Es33 and member Es4, which contain mixed type I and II kerogen. Numerical modelling indicates that, although overpressures are influenced by hydrocarbon generation, the primary control on overpressure in the basin comes from the effects of sediment compaction disequilibrium. A large number of oil pools have been discovered in the domes and faulted anticlines of the normally pressured strata overlying the overpressured sediments; the results of this study suggest that isolated sandstone reservoirs within the overpressured zone itself offer significant hydrocarbon potential.     

论凌迟之刑的起源及在宋代的发展

五代以前的东晋已有类似凌迟的脔割存在,但仅偶尔为之,到五代时期才成为一种法外之刑。最先有凌迟之刑的是契丹,起源于其本民族的习惯法,且契丹最先使用凌迟作为死刑的名称。宋代凌迟之刑在宋太宗晚期开始使用,仁宗时开始以诏令的形式规定其适用范围,神宗时凌迟之刑的适用范围扩大,南宋相沿无改。凌迟之刑在宋代仅以敕令的形式存在,所以俗称法外之刑。但宋代大量使用凌迟是以奏断进行的,反映了凌迟之刑的适用范围仍在形成过程中。盗贼及兵变的频繁是凌迟之刑在宋代存在和发展的重要原因。宋代凌迟之刑的使用对元明清均产生了重要影响。     

历史视野下的"三农问题"--"中国农村问题的历史积淀与现代趋向"会议综述

20世纪90年代以来,“三农”问题已成为中国社会经济发展的主要滞障。出于对现实问题的强烈关怀,南开大学历史学院主办了“中国农村问题的历史积淀及现代趋向”学术研讨会,与会学者从历史发展进程中的农村经济、农村市场、农村城市化道路、农村政治及农村历史发展总趋势等多方面进行广泛的讨论,追溯“三农问题根源,并试图对这一重大课题提出历史学家的锐见。