Between left and right: cooperation and the split between Yu Qiaqing and the CPC during the era of the Northern Expedition

During the Northern Expedition, the Communist Party of China (CPC) had close contact with certain businessmen; one of these was Yu Qiaqing of Shanghai, who played a role in the background of the Three Armed Uprisings of Shanghai Workers. Because of this contact, Yu Qiaqing was regarded as a leading figure of the leftist bourgeoisie. He was also considered an important collaborator with the provisional municipal government after these uprisings. However, his cooperation with the CPC did not jeopardize his alliance with the Nationalist Party. When Chiang Kai-shek, an old friend of his, arrived in Shanghai, Yu soon turned himself into one of Chiang's financial advisors. Although it is hard to argue that Yu Qiaqing's behavior was representative of most businessmen's party preferences, it does demonstrate that some businessmen had a profiteering attitude in politics and were open to taking advantage of the nexus between politics and business. Influenced by the political context and situation, the CPC was also able to flexibly apply its “class analysis” theory during that time to justify the policy of cooperating with people like Yu Qiaqing. However, the failure of cooperation with the bourgeoisie by 1927 became an excuse for opposing factions within the party to criticize this policy, and even affected the CPC's subsequent policy line afterwards.     

Spitzka and spitzka on the brains of the assassins of presidents

Abstract

Although four American Presidents have been assassinated (Lincoln, Garfield, McKinley, Kennedy), only the assassins of Garfield (Charles Julius Guiteau) and McKinley (Leon Franz Czolgosz) were tried, convicted, and executed for their crime. In 1882 Edward Charles Spitzka, a young New York neurologist with a growing reputation as an alienist, testified at the trial of Guiteau. He was the only expert witness who was asked, based on his personal examination of the prisoner, a direct question concerning the mental state of Guiteau. Spitzka maintained the unpopular view that Guiteau was insane. In spite of aggressive and spirited testimony on Spitzka's part, Guiteau was convicted and hanged. However, even before the execution it was acknowledged, by some experts, that Spitzka was undoubtedly right. About 20 years later, in 1901, Edward Anthony Spitzka, the son of Edward Charles Spitzka, was invited to conduct the autopsy on Czologsz, the assassin of McKinley. At the time Spitzka the younger, who had just published a detailed series of papers on the human brain, was in the fourth year of his medical training. It was an unusual series of fortuitous events that presumably led to Edward A. Spitzka conducting the autopsy on the assassin of the President of the United States while still a medical student. This, in light of the fact that other experts were available. Each Spitzka went on to a career of note and each made a number of contributions in their respective fields. It is however, their participation in the ‘neurology’, as broadly defined, of the assassins of Presidents Garfield and McKinley that remains unique in neuroscience history. Not only were father and son participants in these important events, but these were the only times that assassins of US Presidents were tried and executed.     

王引之《经义述闻》对虞翻《易》注的辨驳

论及清代<易>学,今人多仅关注其钩沉整理汉<易>之功,以至于对清代<易>学的认识有失片面.其实,清吴派学者对汉<易>多钩稽之业,而皖派学者对汉<易>则多所辨驳之功.吴派和皖派学者都以探求经籍本义为归.吴派学者因汉儒去古未远,因而致力于汉<易>的钩沉,以求古之途径而求是;皖派学者则认识到汉<易>亦非尽得<周易>之本义,因而信其所当信,疑其所可疑,以考据之途径而求是.皖派释经方法至高邮王念孙、王引之父子而益精.本文通过梳理王引之<经义述闻>中对虞翻<易>注的辨驳,从一个侧面探究皖派学者解<易>特色,冀对清代<易>学有更为全面的评估.     

俞吉浚的《西游见闻》与韩国开化期的经济思想

《西游见闻》是韩国开化期的代表论著之一 ,为开化派领导人物俞吉浚的主要著述。这本书体现出韩国开化期经济思想的三个来源 ,即朝鲜时代的实学、日本传来的西欧经济思想以及欧美的近代思想 ,反映出开化期的转折性特征。书中提出的政府管理、自由经济原则、商人之道与通商富国不仅直接影响了韩国开化期的思想启蒙运动以及制度改革 ,而且对韩国自身经济意识的形成具有长远的不可替代的作用。因此 ,对这本书的解释可以有助于理解近代以及现代韩国经济思想及发展实践的历史背景     

Non-linear relationship between bulk δC and percent maize in carbonized cooking residues and the potential of false-negatives in detecting maize

Bulk δ¹³C values on charred cooking residues adhering to pottery sherd interior surfaces have been used as a source of information on the histories of maize in various locations in the western hemisphere. This approach is based on an assumption of a linear relationship between the percent maize in the resource mix cooked in a pot and δ¹³C. Previous experiments suggest that this relationship is non-linear, and maize may not be identified from bulk δ¹³C values even when it contributed substantially to the resource mix. A second round of experiments, presented here, indicates that the mobilization of carbon from maize and C₃ resources over time is the critical variable in residue formation and the resulting bulk δ¹³C value. This is influenced by the form of maize being cooked.     

Probing dietary change of the Kwädąy Dän Ts'ìnchį individual,an ancient glacier body from British Columbia: II. Deconvoluting whole skin and bone collagen δC values via carbon isotope analysis of individual amino acids

The remains of the Kwäd?y Dän Ts'ìnch? individual, a frozen male human, were recovered from a retreating glacier within the Tatshenshini-Alsek Park in British Columbia in August 1999. In order to provide information on both the geographical origin of this individual and low long he spent in the remote interior region prior to his death, molecular analysis and compound-specific carbon isotope analyses were performed on individual amino acids purified from his skin and bone. Gas chromatographic quantification of constituent amino acids of both tissues revealed a molecular distribution characteristic of collagen, dominated by glycine and to a lesser extent proline, hydroxyproline and alanine. Chiral gas chromatography indicated that protein preservation in both tissues was exceptional. Carbon isotope analysis of a faunal assemblage from an earlier prehistoric site from southern British Columbia provided reference dietary amino acid δ¹³C values for terrestrial (deer and domestic dog) and marine species (salmon and sealion), showing clear separation in all amino acids, particularly glycine which was extremely ¹³C-enriched in the marine animals. The distinction between terrestrial and marine organisms was increased by exploring Δ¹³C_{Glycine-Phenylalanine} values (6.6 ± 0.6‰ and 15.0 ± 2.1‰, respectively), which were higher in the latter by approximately 8‰, mirroring the increased δ¹⁵N_{Bulk collagen} values observed for the marine animals (R² = 0.78; p < 0.001). The Kwäd?y Dän Ts'ìnch? individual's bone had a similarly elevated Δ¹³C_{Glycine-Phenylalanine} value of 15.6 ± 1.0‰, indicating his extreme reliance on marine dietary resources throughout early life. The skin amino acid δ¹³C values were consistently lower than those observed for bone, with a concurrently lower Δ¹³C_{Glycine-Phenylalanine} value of 12.7 ± 0.9‰. The shift between the carbon isotope composition of bone (long-term diet) and skin amino acids (short-term diet) confirmed a sudden divergence away from marine food sources in the last months of life, consistent with his discovery 80 km inland.     

Adipocere withstands 1600 years of fluctuating groundwater levels in soil

An extraordinarily well-preserved skeleton of a child, interred in a stone sarcophagus in the Late-Roman era, was discovered in the city of Mainz (Germany) in 1998, covered with a puff pastry-like substance assumed to be adipocere. It is the first time that this substance, which is derived from fat under oxygen-deficient conditions and prevents corpses from decaying, has been discovered on corpses buried under conditions described in the present paper.     

曾侯乙、曾侯■和曾侯■

曾侯乙之前的曾侯有曾侯和曾侯■。二者的年代关系,通过比较曾侯乙、曾侯■和曾侯■三位曾侯的青铜器铭文格式、铭文字体、青铜簠形制以及青铜戟形制的变化,观察曾侯和曾侯在相关因素中的系列关系,最后推测曾侯■的年代早于曾侯。     

隋代《区宇图志》的编纂问题——兼论隋炀帝对地理学的贡献

隋炀帝大业年间编纂了《诸郡物产土俗记》、《区宇图志》、《诸州图经集》3部大型地理图书。前后参与其事的编纂《区宇图志》者近50人,现在可考者约10人。隋炀帝时,《区宇图志》多次重修,其原因有三方面。一是修撰者的文体繁复,二是体例失当,三是修撰者狭隘的民族观、区域观念。而隋炀帝时编纂多种地理图书的条件之一,是隋朝对全国各地吏治、民情、风俗、物产的调查。其直接原因,则是隋炀帝的文化素养,以及实际的经济和政治目的,即地理图书作为国家征收赋税土贡的根据,以地理图书来记载其统一华戎的功业、以地理图书归美隋炀帝的政治目的。隋炀帝对地理学有其贡献。