《语石》标点错误举例

《语石》是中国古代石刻学的集大成之作,在今天仍具有十分重要的学术价值,1994年4月中华书局出版了《语石·语石异同评》,在叶昌炽原书各条目之下,系以柯昌泗之评,是《语石》问世后增补内容最丰富的一个本子,但是遗憾的是有一些标点错误影响了对文意的理解。本文站在致误原因的角度,从未细审文意、对石刻学及相关知识了解不深、校勘不精三个方面列举实例,试图对此书的标点做点补充,也希望能够为读者的阅读做些扫除工作。     

Stable isotope evidence for palaeodiets in southern Turkmenistan during Historical period and Iron Age

The subsistence patterns of Iron Age and Historical period humans from south-western Turkmenistan have been reconstructed using the carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of archaeological faunal and human bones. A qualitative comparison of the isotopic signatures points to a small proportion of ruminant meat and dairy in human diet for both periods. The ranges of proportions of dietary items yielded by a quantitative approach based on concentration dependent mixing models confirm the high proportions of plant food in the average diet, and show little change in the reconstructed diet for both periods. A comparison of results from zooarchaeological and isotopic approaches illustrates their complementarity in subsistence patterns reconstruction.     

Tunnel engineering in the Iron Age: geoarchaeology of the Siloam Tunnel,Jerusalem

The Siloam Tunnel (ST) is the best-identified biblical structure that can be entered today. We use geological, structural, and chemical features of ST and its internal deposits to show that it is an authentic engineering project, without any pre-existing natural conduit that could have guided its excavators. Radiometrically and historically dated to ∼700 BCE, ST pinpoints the technological advance in leveling techniques that was essential for the construction of such a long tunnel without intermediate shafts. A combination of geological and archaeological evidence demonstrates that the circuitous route of ST and the final meeting of the two excavating teams are associated with continuous modifications of the plan to allow acoustic communication between hewers and the surface teams. Hydraulic plaster was applied throughout the tunnel in order to seal voids of dissolution and tectonic origin. Organic material accidentally entrapped in the plaster was carbon 14 dated, and speleothems were dated by U–Th, both corroborating the historic and epigraphic evidence ascribing the engineering advance in tunneling techniques to the Judahite King Hezekiah.     

Ancient soil resources of the Usumacinta River Region,Guatemala

In this study we present the results of a combination of methods used to identify possible agricultural activity of the ancient Maya in the Usumacinta River Basin in Guatemala. These methods included stable carbon isotope analysis of bulk soil organic matter, soil profile investigations and a spatial model of gentle slopes and well-drained soils to identify favorable agricultural conditions. Stable carbon isotope analysis of bulk soil organic matter in particular offers potentially direct evidence of agricultural activity. The δ¹³C results suggest that there is a strong signature of C₄ plants, such as maize and tropical grasses, throughout the study area. Further, the current soil conditions and extent of relatively gently sloped areas are favorable to agriculture. Overall, the results are supportive of the hypothesis that the area, located between the polities of Piedras Negras and Yaxchilán, was agriculturally important to surrounding areas.     

Investigation of the ‘canopy effect’ in the isotope ecology of temperate woodlands

Anomalously ¹³C-depleted carbon stable isotope values from closed forest ecosystems have been termed the ‘canopy effect’. Originally this was ascribed to recycling of depleted carbon from forest floor decomposition of organic material, although others have suggested that it is equally likely to be due to variations in leaf-level processes in response to increased shade. This depletion in the heavier carbon isotope is passed on to woodland herbivores feeding within the forest environments. A similar isotopic depletion has also been reported in the archaeological literature from more open temperate woodland settings, but no measurements have been made on the plants at the base of the food chain in order to quantify the effect. In this study we attempt this by examining the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic values of different species of grasses from a range of open to closed habitat settings within Wytham Wood, Oxfordshire, UK. We find a strong relationship between carbon isotopic depletion of plant tissue and lowered light intensity with an up to 5‰ shift between grass grown in open and closed locations. In order to follow this up the food chain, we also report data on wool from sheep grazing in open pastures near the Wood, and on fallow deer living within the woodland, but which turn out not to show a strong canopy effect, probably related to their feeding strategies. We conclude that there is indeed a strong ‘canopy effect’ in temperate woodland, probably related to differential light levels, but that not all apparently woodland-dwelling mammals show such an effect. We also show considerable isotopic variation at the base of the food chain, which should counsel caution when attempting to interpret dietary isotopes using mixing models.     

The Sino‐Soviet Conference, 1924–1927

Soviet Union issued two declarations toward China in 1919 and 1920, promising to nullify all treaty privileges in China previously established by the Tsarist government voluntarily. However, in the formal negotiations Karakhan insisted that old treaties must be replaced by new treaty. Finally, the Sino‐Soviet Agreement, literarily, “Agreement on General Principles for the Settlement of Outstanding Questions”, signed in May 1924 and diplomatic relations restored at once, a conference was stipulated to meet within one month to solve all questions and to conclude a formal treaty. Nevertheless, the conference was postponed for more than a year; when it did convene too many controversies led it nowhere. Since no treaty was produced at the Sino‐Soviet Conference, the old treaties were not abolished, therefore the Soviet's promises were never practiced.     

论俞正燮女性人物考据的方法和特点

俞正燮是清代一位称得上考据大师级的著名学者。他在女性人物考据方面,不仅擅长归纳演绎,重视文献佐证,精于情理推断,考据方法科学理性,而且以考据经世,立意高远,胆识过人,形式多样,考据特点十分突出。     

试论俞正燮对俄罗斯研究的贡献

出于良史忧世的情怀,清朝著名学者俞正燮由考据转向经世,撰写系列专题文章,简要叙述了俄罗斯历史,追溯考察了中俄关系史,专题辨析了俄罗斯佐领,成就显著。俞正燮的俄罗斯研究,体现出他较为强烈的经世旨趣、擅长从考据入手,以及注重文献佐证的治学特点。俞正燮对俄罗斯的研究,不仅首开风气,自成体系,而且影响极为深远。究其原因,一是出于他高度的爱国责任感和使命感;二是和参与《大清会典》的纂修有直接关系;三是受他的幕府生涯,以及师友交游的影响。俞正燮对俄罗斯做出了开拓性和基础性的研究。     

涂山地望再研究

夏人的祖先鲧死后化于墠渚,地在伊水之滨的三涂山旁。墠渚的合读即涂、即羽,三涂即是墠渚周方言的读音,即墠渚的异读。涂山、羽山、三涂山实为一山,双音与单语的区别缘于方音的不同。其地为夏人的祖山圣地,禹合诸侯于涂山即是在祖山大会诸侯。于宗庙赏罚黜陟。这是夏时的礼法。会稽是越语羽(涂)字的复音形式,禹合诸侯于会稽出于越人,或者是越人的伪造,也有可能是夏之后人辗转迁徙于此,奉禹之祀于其地,将旧地名带入新地方,由当地语音读出。     

Wotan and the ‘archetypal Ergriffenheit’: Mystical union, national spiritual rebirth and culture-creating capacity in C. G. Jung's ‘Wotan’ essay

This article analyses the 1936 “Wotan” essay by Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung in light of one of its reigning motifs, Ergriffenheit. First, this term is examined within the works of Protestant theologian Rudolf Otto and Indologist Jakob Wilhelm Hauer, who used it to describe what they claimed to be the original religious experience, a state of being deeply stirred or even seized by the “the holy” or by “the ultimate reality.” The article then examines antecedents in Jung's theory of states of psychic seizure, in which two halves of the psyche come into conflict, the resolution of which leads to an increased capacity to create the arts of culture. The analysis then moves to the “Wotan” essay itself, where Jung brings together his own theory of psychic seizure with the theory of the original religious experience as proposed by the above-named scholars of religion in order to suggest that, under National Socialism, the Germans were in the midst of a collective confrontation with their own inner divinity, which should lead to a national spiritual rebirth. The article then investigates the works of several of the men Jung mentions in the essay, as well as his use of ancient Germanic mythology, to support his claim. Through his portrait of the Germanic archetype Wotan, Jung psychologizes and thereby essentializes the Romantic image of the Germans as “a people of poets and philosophers” as well as that of a Nietzschean “master-race.” In conclusion, the article argues that, at least in 1936, Jung's attitude towards Hitler and National Socialism was much more favorable than has previously been recognized.