试论四川沱江流域的糖品流动(1900-1949)

1900-1949年间,在沱江流域糖品流动过程中,既有期货及现货交易形式的并存,又有"蔗糖评价制度"及"食糖专卖政策"的制度安排。从销售区域及比例来看,该流域糖品主要供给区域外市场,且以川省市场为主。就糖品流动所带来的影响及政府对糖品流动干预所产生的后果而言,这一时期的蔗糖经济呈现出发展与危机并存的"悖论型"增长模式:发展的一面是糖品不仅与其他商品形成对流,优化了区域贸易格局,而且在其流动过程中也刺激了其他行业的发展,从而推动区域社会经济的进步;危机的一面是销售格局的不利影响持续扩大以及抗战时期政府对糖品交易的干预在一定程度上激化了蔗农与糖商、政府与民众之间的矛盾,蔗乡社会处于失序状态。     

再论唐代长江上游地区的荔枝分布北界及其与气温波动的关系

通过对相关文献的全面梳理和研究,本文认为唐代长江上游地区的荔枝分布北界并非此前学界所普遍接受的成都和万州一线,而只到达忠州(今重庆忠县)和涪州乐温县(今重庆长寿区)。唐代该地区的荔枝分布呈现集中于川江两岸峡谷的特点,这种分布格局与川江峡谷地区特殊的区域小气候直接相关,因此不能作为唐代气候较现在温暖湿润的证据。     

青海省绿色发展绩效考核应注意的几个问题

青海省绿色发展考核内容主要涉及经济、社会和生态,考核工作是否合理、考核结果运用是否得当是对被考核者客观、准确评价的主要依据,也直接影响着绿色发展的质量和效果。文章指出,青海省绿色发展绩效考核中应注重目标考核与过程考核相结合、显性与隐性兼顾,重视考核反馈和纠正偏差以全面提升绿色考核的质量,不断推进青海绿色发展。     

Archaeological Sites as Self-Sustained Resources for Economic Regeneration: Towards the Creation of Living Archaeological Parks on the Islands of Kythera and Antikythera

Abstract

This paper argues that less known archaeological sites on marginalized or non-touristic areas can contribute to the formation of local economies that can benefit from alternative heritage tourism and public participation in the archaeological excavation process. The discussion of a proposal for turning two archaeological sites on the Greek islands of Kythera and Anitkythera respectively (Paleokastro and Kastro) into living archaeological parks serves as an example that highlights the possibilities for the creation of self-sustainable heritage projects that need not rely on direct state funding.     

Obsidian provenance for prehistoric complexes in the Amur River basin (Russian Far East)

The sources of high quality volcanic glass (obsidian) for archaeological complexes in the Amur River basin of the Russian Far East have been established, based on geochemical analyses by neutron activation and X-ray fluorescence of both ‘geological’ (primary sources) and ‘archaeological’ (artifacts from the Neolithic and Early Iron Age cultural complexes) specimens. A major obsidian source identified as the Obluchie Plateau, located in the middle course of the Amur River, was found to be responsible for supplying the entire middle and lower parts of the Amur River basin during prehistory. The source has been carefully studied and sampled for the first time. Minor use of three other sources was established for the lower part of the Amur River basin. Obsidian from the Basaltic Plateau source, located in the neighboring Primorye (Maritime) Province, was found at two sites of the Initial Neolithic (dated to ca. 11,000–12,500 BP). At two other sites from the same time period, obsidian from a still unknown source called “Samarga” was established. At the Suchu Island site of the Early Neolithic (dated to ca. 7200–8600 BP), obsidian from the ‘remote’ source of Shirataki (Shirataki-A sub-source) on Hokkaido Island (Japan) was identified. The range of obsidian transport in the Amur River basin was from 50 to 750 km within the basin, and from 550 to 850 km in relation to the ‘remote’ sources at the Basaltic Plateau and Shirataki-A located outside the Amur River valley. The long-distance transport/exchange of obsidian in the Amur River basin in prehistory has now been securely established.     

“以市场换技术”方针的历史演变

"以市场换技术"作为改革开放后一项重大的技术引进方针,对中国的技术引进与进步产生了重要影响。这一方针酝酿、形成于20世纪70年代末80年代初,主要源于中国希望在减少支出的同时达到引进先进技术和提高对外资吸引力的双重目的。在1984年被确定为加速国家技术进步的一项重大方针后,"以市场换技术"进入全面实施和调整时期,目标始终着眼于提高外商投资质量并促使外商转让先进技术。"以市场换技术"虽然在一定程度上加速了技术进步,但并没有达到"形成技术自生能力"的预期目标,2001年后这一方针逐渐淡出政策视野,向自主创新过渡。     

Are new patterns of low‐income distribution emerging in Canadian metropolitan areas?

Recent studies on urban poverty in Canadian cities suggest a growing spatial concentration of poor populations within metropolitan regions. This article assesses trends in the intra‐urban distribution of the poor population from 1986 to 2006 in eight of Canada's largest cities. We consider five well‐known dimensions of segregation, as identified by Massey and Denton (1988) , in order to examine changes in the spatial distribution of poor populations within metropolitan areas: evenness, exposure, concentration, clustering, and centralization. These indices were calculated for low‐income populations at the census tract level using data from five Canadian censuses. Although each metropolitan area has distinctive characteristics, we were able to identify some general trends. The results suggest that, in 2006 compared to 1986, low‐income populations lived in more spatially concentrated areas, which were, at the same time, socioeconomically more homogeneous and more dispersed throughout the metropolitan area. In addition, we observed that over the last twenty years areas of poverty have been located, for the most part, in neighbourhoods adjacent to downtown cores. Nevertheless, we found that poverty has mostly increased in suburban areas located outside inner‐city neighbourhoods. Growing socioeconomic homogeneity and dispersion of low income areas in metropolitan areas reveal new spatial patterns of urban poverty distribution. These findings should be cause for concern as social isolation in the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods could affect the life chances and opportunities for the residents of those areas.