明早期瓷器铭文的观察

文章依据目前所知明代早期瓷器铭文资料,就这些瓷器书铭格式的渊源、性质及所反映的瓷器生产方式和生产关系作了科学的分析和探讨。     

东印度公司与明清瓷器外销

明清时期中欧海上航线开通后,中国的瓷器、丝绸、茶叶在西方广受欢迎,荷兰、英国等国家组建东印度公司从事与东方的贸易。东印度公司在中国瓷器大量销往海外的过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。这一时期,明清政权交替、西方列强对海上霸权的争夺战争等中外时局变化与重大历史事件对中国瓷器的输出以及中外瓷器贸易的格局产生重大影响。     

管窥9—10世纪我国陶瓷贸易的域外中转港现象——以东南亚地区为焦点

9-10世纪时,我国海上对外贸易进入了第一个高峰时期,标志之一就是瓷器的大规模外销。其路线大致可分为两条:一条自东海、黄海至高丽、日本等国,另一条自南海至东南亚、印度及阿拉伯地区等处。关于后者,东南亚地区是一个重要的节点。当时在东南亚地区是否存在中国瓷器外销的中转港,学界众说纷纭。从爪哇海发现的黑石号、印坦和井里汶三条沉船出发,通过梳理相关文献及考古材料,可以认为9世纪前中期在东南亚可能并不存在中转港;9世纪末,在黄巢攻掠广州之后,中转港才得以逐渐形成,其地点很可能是文献记载的"箇罗国"。     

Evaluation of Quantitative XRF Analysis Applied to Determine Cobalt Sources in Chinese Blue‐and‐White Porcelain

A method using the ratios between MnO, Fe₂O₃ and CoO to differentiate the cobalt sources for Chinese blue‐and‐white porcelain was developed in Oxford in the 1950s using X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis directly on the glaze. In this paper, six blue‐and‐white porcelain sherds from the Luomaqiao kiln were analysed by XRF on the glaze and by scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive spectrometry (SEM‐EDS) in cross‐section. The ratios between MnO, Fe₂O₃ and CoO calculated by quantitative XRF and EDS analyses are different. The analysis depths for MnO, Fe₂O₃ and CoO are < 60 μm by XRF analysis. However, the average glaze thickness of samples is > 400 μm, and the MnO, Fe₂O₃ and CoO mainly remain in the lower layer of the glaze, which is beyond the analysis depths of XRF analysis. The limitations of major and minor quantitative analyses for differentiating cobalt sources are discussed.     

景德镇粉彩瓷的EDXRF分析

要想客观地完成对粉彩瓷技术史的分析,需要进行相应的测试分析并获得数据支撑。为此,通过景德镇早市购买和收集到的不同时期的粉彩瓷样品,采用美国EDAX公司生产的EagleⅢ型EDXRF测试分析其主次量化学组成,同时借助多元统计分析方法,探讨各时期粉彩瓷化学组成的异同点。讨论结果验证了景德镇粉彩始于康熙,精于雍正,盛于乾隆,而后逐渐衰落的考古学观点,并作出了清三代时期官窑与民窑粉彩配方存在差异,民国时期粉彩颜料发展在前朝基础上有所传承创新,以及早期粉彩中紫彩是由红彩和蓝、绿彩调配而成的推论。     

Provenance research by INAA on ancient Chinese white porcelain excavated from the Maojiawan site of Beijing

More than one million shards of ancient Chinese porcelain were excavated at the Maojiawan pit in Beijing in September 2005. Among these shards, four types of ancient Chinese white porcelain were identified. The ages and provenances of three of these types of porcelain were accurately determined by archaeologists based on typology. However, different archaeologists interpreted the other/fourth type differently. According to the colour of the porcelain body, it was easily identified as the product of the Jingdezhen kilns of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 AD). However, based on the vessel shape, this fourth type of porcelain was also identified as the product of the Cizhou kilns of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368 AD). In order to determine the provenance of this type of ancient Chinese white porcelain, 131 shards comprising the four types of white porcelain identified at the site were selected as experimental specimens and analysed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). After the processing of experimental data by principal component analysis and geochemical analysis, the results show that the provenance of this type of ancient Chinese white porcelain is the Jingdezhen, not the Cizhou kiln.     

Comparison of the Different Types of Qinghua Porcelain from Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty of China (ad 1271–1368) by Micro X‐ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (μ‐XRF) and Microscopy

The Yuan Qinghua porcelain produced in the city of Jingdezhen, in China, mainly includes the gaudy blue type, a blue–grey or grey‐coloured type and the type featuring a blue colour with a slight amount of grey. For a long time, only the gaudy blue type was focused on and discussed, while the other two types, which contain equally important information with regard to recovering the manufacturing technology of Yuan Qinghua, were always ignored by scientific researchers. In this paper, by using micro X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ‐XRF), spectrophotometry and optical microscopy, all three different types of Yuan Qinghua porcelain are analysed systemically and, based on the analyses of the body, the glaze and the blue decoration, the differences in the materials and the manufacturing technologies of the three different types are discussed. This not only provides a good basis for the reconstruction of the whole picture of the manufacturing process of Yuan Qinghua porcelains in Jingdezhen, but also contributes to database‐building for the identification of Qinghua porcelain.     

论西夏偈颂的诗化——以西夏文《贤智集》为例

西夏持续不断的译经活动以及大量汉文佛经的翻译,一定程度上加深了已经诗化了的汉文偈颂对西夏偈颂翻译的影响。这种影响进一步延伸至偈颂的创作领域,但并未偏离偈颂的一般范式,而是依循着偈颂基本的特性又有所发展。《贤智集》中的三篇颂所展现的诗化现象,是偈颂文学在持续交流活动中被西夏继承于书面的产物。     

景德镇湖田窑北宋褐彩瓷枕的化学组成及工艺特征分析

景德镇湖田窑北宋仁宗时期(1023—1063年)新出现了褐色点彩装饰器物,其工艺特征、技术来源和对景德镇元代以后釉下彩绘工艺的影响一直受到广泛关注。研究采用能量色散X荧光光谱分析仪、光学相干断层扫描仪、体式显微镜、高温热膨胀仪等,分析了8件北宋褐色点彩瓷枕样品的胎、釉、彩的化学组成,及胎体吸水率和烧成温度,初步揭示了景德镇湖田窑出土北宋褐色点彩瓷枕的制作工艺和化学组成特征。结果显示,褐彩瓷枕胎体表面留有明显的网格纹痕迹,在棱边内侧有镶接和泥条加固痕迹,应是在布上拍打成泥片后,逐面镶接成型制得;胎体烧结状态、烧成温度和吸水率相差较大,表面褐色图案为采用富铁原料在胎体表面彩绘后,施灰釉后经1100℃以上高温一次烧制而成。研究结果不仅有利于明晰其化学组成特征和工艺特征信息,而且将为研究和揭示景德镇早期彩绘装饰的发展提供科学参考。     

几件西沙华光礁I号沉船遗址出水瓷器的保护研究

为了对8件西沙华光礁I号沉船遗址出水瓷器进行表面凝结物去除、脱盐清洗和残缺补全等保护处理,采用X射线衍射(XRD),对瓷器表面凝结物进行了成分分析;用三维视频显微镜对瓷器进行脱盐前、后的显微照相对比;对瓷器表面微孔内的物质,用扫描电镜分析(SEM)方法进行成分检测;用电导率仪测量瓷器脱盐过程中电导率变化情况。结果表明,出水瓷器表面凝结物,容易机械去除的样品,其成分主要是镁方解石及文石;不容易机械去除的样品,其成分主要是锰白云石及文石。瓷器微孔内的白色物质为含氯盐分。经两周时间的脱盐清洗,出水瓷器的脱盐电导率值降至较低水平。本工作结果可为西沙海域出水瓷器的后续保护提供资料。