云南少数民族获食模式探讨

获食模式的差异源于人类对不同生态环境的适应。云南少数民族获食模式的多样性,既是各民族对当地生态环境适应的结果,也是各民族饮食结构差异的主要原因,同时反映出云南各少数民族经济社会发展的不平衡性和文化的多样性。本文根据自然环境和生产方式的差异,把云南少数民族的获食模式分为高山峡谷农牧型、刀耕火种-狩猎采集型、山坡梯田灌溉农耕型、河谷盆地灌溉精耕型等类型,并从文化生态学的角度对其地域分布、类型特征、形成原因等进行了分析。     

城市绿地景观格局研究——以徐州市为例

运用遥感和地理信息系统技术,以徐州市为例,选用美国的"快鸟"(Quick Bird-2)卫星图像为主要信息源,建立徐州市城市绿地信息系统。在此基础上,以景观生态学理论为指导,选取了绿地景观构成、景观多样性指数、景观优势度指数、景观均匀度指数、斑块密度、斑块数破碎化指数、最小距离指数、景观连通度等景观生态指标对城市绿地景观的结构和格局进行了分析。结果表明,徐州市建成区城市绿地存在着景观结构不合理、破碎度高、景观类型分布不平衡、斑块连通度较低等问题,针对这些问题,提出了徐州市绿地景观建设对策。     

中德经济发达地区城乡一体化模式比较——以长江三角洲与莱茵河下游地区为例

城乡一体化是伴随着工业社会、城市化时代的一种特有的社会经济现象,是人类社会生产力高度发达的一个重要标志,尤其在经济发达地区这种现象更加明显。中德两国有着不同的城市化发展过程和不同的时代背景,在工业化与经济发达区域内,城市化道路及其带来的城乡一体化类型、特征、模式与前景是有一定差异的。本文着重探索中国的长江三角洲与德国的莱茵-鲁尔地区的城乡一体化模式,从不同的视角、层面进行比较研究,试图从两国不同的地区比较得到有益的启示。     

X光照相技术在文物及考古学研究中的应用

X光照相方法的无损特性,就决定了这一技术适合被用于研究物这一特殊对象。本通过具体实例介绍了X光照相技术在物及考古学研究中的应用：可以反映不同材质物的保存状况,揭示被锈蚀物覆盖的铭及纹饰,显示古代器物的工艺痕迹,有助于考古出土物线图的绘制等。     

旅游开发与管理的时空耦合规律初探

旅游开发具有明显的时间过程规律,也有一定的空间层次规律。从供给和需求两方面论证了时间规律和空间规律的耦合特性,即越是高层次的区域,越强调旅游开发的高级形态和综合效益。结合安西县、酒泉地区、甘肃省和西部地区等不同层次区域的旅游开发规划实践,考察了时空耦合规律的存在,为旅游开发、管理提供了时空统一思维框架。     

Degradation of mud brick houses in an arid environment: a geoarchaeological model

A common assumption in Near Eastern tell archaeology is that the majority of sediments originate from degraded mud bricks. Little is known about the mechanism of mud brick wall degradation. Here we present a detailed macro- and microscopic ethnoarchaeological study of the degradation of a mud brick house and propose a comprehensive mechanism for tell formation processes in arid environments. The study took place in southern Israel by trenching a ca. 60 year old abandoned mud brick house, followed by extensive sediment sampling. Macroscopic observations showed that mud brick walls degrade by collapse of single bricks and/or collapse of intact wall parts, either inwards or outwards. In addition, infill sediments within the house and outside it, in close proximity to its walls, form alternating sedimentary layers of various colors and textures. The degraded mud brick material lost its distinctive macroscopic structure, which makes it impossible to accurately identify this material by field observations alone. Mineralogical and elemental analyses established the sources of the house infill sediments, namely mud bricks and wind blown sediments. Alternating layers mostly originate from mixing between degraded mud brick material and wind blown sediments. Micromorphological observations revealed microscopic mechanisms of mud brick degradation and include processes of mud slurry gravity flows, sediment coatings and infillings, wind abrasion of walls, small-scale puddling, and bioturbation. This study provides a working scheme for site formation of abandoned mud brick structures in arid environments. It provides a set of criteria by which it is possible to differentiate floors from post-abandonment sedimentary features and thus improves the reliability of activity area research.     

Petrographic and geochemical investigations of the late prehistoric ceramics from Sos Höyük,Erzurum (Eastern Anatolia)

Ceramics from the late prehistoric periods at Sos Höyük, in Eastern Anatolia, located along a thoroughfare that connects the Trans-Caucasus, Iran and central Anatolia, were subjected to petrographic and X-ray fluorescence analysis in order to characterise the clay groups, with a view to determining provenance and production patterns. Dominated by Kura-Araxes Ware, the data from the sequence at Sos Höyük were compared with the previous studies from the neighbouring regions to understand commonalities in pottery production. The analyses reveal a local production of vessels, most probably for household use. Although Sos Höyük potters shared similarities in the procurement pattern of raw clays and production technique with their neighbours, differences can be also recognized.     

重庆忠县翠屏山崖墓群出土晋代金银器的分析研究

利用微聚焦能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪(EDXRF)、拉曼光谱仪(RS)、X射线电子能谱仪(XPS)等无损分析法,对重庆忠县翠屏山崖墓出土金银器的基体成分、表面腐蚀物成分以及其物相结构进行了系统的分析测试。结果表明:两个金器样品的含金量均高达90%,纯度较高。此外,还含有一定含量的银、铜、锌、镍、铷等杂质元素;银器中,大多数样品含银量高达97.38~98.85%,同时还含有少量硫、铬、镍、锌、金等杂质元素;银器表面附着的黑色的腐蚀物,经鉴定为Ag2S,红褐色腐蚀物的物相结构为Cu2O;值得关注的是,有一个银器样品含银95.2%,含铜3.19%,应为铜银合金,此结果对于探讨我国古代银铜合金技术发展与演变的研究,具有非常重要的意义。     

皖南发现的青铜剑纹饰及初步研究

皖南周代青铜剑纹饰资料详实、变化丰富。剑格主要有兽面纹、蟠螭纹与几何纹,剑首基本上为弦纹圈及几何纹饰。剑首、剑格纹饰与剑体其他部位特征演变规律类似,各期特征也较为显著,存在一定的组合关系。研究表明,始自西周中晚期,设计者便注意到格、首在装饰上需要保持的平衡与协调,至春秋晚期该传统便达极致,其中剑格兽面纹的出现,是吴越青铜文化的一大改造与创新。而战国时期青铜剑纹饰的衰退则反映出吴越地区制剑审美观的转变。     

Makaynûn and its territory: the formation of an urban centre during the South Arabian period in the Hadramawt

Work at the site of Makaynûn in eastern Hadramawt (Yemen) and surrounding territory has yielded information on ancient settlement patterns in southern Arabia. This small regional centre lay within an area marked out by a network of seasonal flood‐water cultivation systems that irrigated agricultural areas. Each system was associated with one or more villages that were contemporary with the central site. As well as providing a communal refuge, the central site contained religious buildings, dwellings and doubtless the residence of the local elite, within the shelter of a defensive enclosure. This territory was overlain by a symbolic geography defined by the location of the sanctuaries and cemeteries of the Makaynûn community. This model of settlement was repeated all along the valley, where comparable systems were found at the mouths of the main tributary valleys.