The ‘radical humanism’ of ‘Cap Anamur’ / ‘German Emergency Doctors’ in the 1980s: a turning point for the idea,practice and policy of humanitarian aid

Abstract

Historiographies of humanitarian aid and aid agencies alike had suggested an ever-growing politicization and militarization following the end of the ‘cold war’. But already in the 1980s, the field of humanitarian aid underwent extensive changes; new aid agencies no longer relied on Christian ideas of charity or leftist internationalism, short-term aid gained new importance and an ever-growing disaster awareness can be observed. The relief organization ‘Cap Anamur ’/’ German Emergency Doctors’ (GED) was founded in 1979 with the purpose of saving the so-called ‘boat people’. Typical for its time, it ascribed to a pure and innate humanitarian impulse summarized under the term ‘radical humanism’. Using the example of GED the article sets out to scrutinise the policies of this new humanitarianism that can be summarized as ‘controlled demerging’. The article brings into focus humanitarian aid as such, its own logic deriving from a particular idea of humanitarianism, considering both site-specific practices and also specific policies that are not necessarily congruent with political or economic interests. It becomes clear that the basis for the new political meaning humanitarian aid gained from the 1990s onwards was already laid by the humanitarian-aid agencies themselves.     

Seasonal weather sensitivity,temperature thresholds,and climate change impacts for park visitation

Historical park visitation and weather data, taken at the daily time scale from 2000 to 2009 for Pinery Provincial Park in southern Ontario (Canada), were analysed as an objective measure of the weather sensitivity, temperature thresholds, and potential impacts of projected climate change for park visitation. Three seasonal weather-visitation models were constructed using multivariable linear regression (peak, shoulder, off-season). To account for both natural and institutional seasonality, the weather-visitation models included both climatic (temperature, precipitation) and social (weekends, holidays) variables, which demonstrated equably comparable effects on visitation across the three models. Critical temperature thresholds were identified for each season using one-way analysis of variance to determine the range of temperatures within which the threshold was evident; the specific degree of temperature associated with the threshold was identified within the seasonal regression models. Temperatures over 33 °C during the peak season and over 29 °C during the shoulder season indicated critical thresholds at which point conditions that were ‘too hot’ for some caused a decline in visitation. Furthermore, temperatures below 11 °C indicated another critical threshold, where conditions were ‘too cold’ for most and therefore park visitation was less sensitive to temperature variability below this threshold. A partial sensitivity analysis for the impact of a warmer, wetter climate on park visitation was conducted, illustrating the effect of a 1 °C to 5 °C warming in maximum temperatures, coupled with a 5% to 15% increase in total precipitation. In response to projected climate change, the weather-visitation models suggested that for each additional degree of warming experienced, despite the negative effects of increasing precipitation and more frequent heat extremes, annual park visitation could increase by 3.1%, annually. The projected increase in park visitation as a result of rising temperatures was mainly associated with shoulder season visitation, with only minor increases in peak season visitation.     

乌兰察布农业企业发展迟缓的原因及其解决对策

初级农产品经过二次转化后,可以使其价值倍增,很多的农民企业家和当地的政府机关都看重了这块风水宝地,纷纷建起了乡镇企业,对本地的农产品进行消化,以求增值、创税。但是,在乡镇企业发展的过程中,由于流动资金短缺、原材料不足、重复建设等原因,使得众多的乡镇企业发展迟缓,甚至不得不被其他企业兼并或者宣布破产。本文的重点就是要对上述问题存在的原因进行挖掘,并力求给出相应的解决对策。     

Geschichtswissenschaft - Wissenschaftsgeschichte: Koexistenz oder Konvergenz?

Until recently, in Germany general history lived with the history of science in a peaceful coexistence which was the result of their mutual ignorance. The debates on the integration of social and cultural theories and methods into both disciplines have offered opportunities for a new convergence of general history and history of science. The basic assumption of social constructionism that science does not produce knowledge independant from time and space, has offered new possibilities to link history of science with the discourse of general history. This article will argue that the biographical method, the theory of national innovation systems, institutional history and cultural history are among the most promising approaches to ensure that scholarly coexistence will be replaced by convergence.     

关于旅游资源普查中几点问题的思考--基于大连市旅游资源普查工作的体会

全国旅游资源普查工作还处于尝试性的初期阶段,大连市参与其中并在工作中对〈国标〉有所突破.本文以笔者在大连参加旅游资源普查工作的体会为基础,从理论和实践技术两个层面对工作中遇到的一些问题进行了阐述和分析.理论层面主要是关于〈国标〉中对旅游资源的定义及其所采用的方法论问题的讨论;实践技术层面主要是在对〈国标〉内容、概念、分类、解释及操作方法理解的基础之上,对〈国标〉局部进行更深层次的剖析,并提出一些改进建议.     

宝鸡益门出土玉器分析研究

使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对陕西宝鸡益门出土的玉器残块的显微结构、元素和物相组成进行了分析研究。结果表明,益门二号墓出土玉器分析样品属单斜闪石类型中的透闪石系,其透闪石含量在85%以上。出土玉器样品应归属为青玉种类,玉料较好,属中上水平的玉料。根据我国玉器文化的历史和和田玉的矿物特征,益门二号墓出土玉器分析样品类似于和田玉矿物。     

一件淮北市东汉“木侠纻”耳杯的测试分析

考古出土的漆器中,除木胎之外,有自铭“革园”的皮革与麻布为胎的漆器,有自称为“布”“绪”“纻”的麻布胎漆器,有自铭“布缯”的麻布和缯帛(一种丝织物)为胎的漆器,以及麻布夹贴于木胎之上的“木侠纻”漆器。作为夹纻胎漆器其中的一种类型,“木侠纻”漆器与“布胎”漆器在制作工艺上是否不同,二者之间是否存在技术演变关系的问题值得深入探讨。 本工作以2011年10月淮北市出土的一件东汉时期的耳杯为例,采用超景深视频显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜与能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等测试手段进行研究,深入了解汉代“木侠纻”漆器的工艺特点。显微结构观察发现在器物木胎与外层漆灰之间有着清晰的织物平纹组织结构,织物层的厚度仅占整体厚度的11.4%,远低于同尺寸“布胎”耳杯织物层所占的比例(后者一般在50%以上)。成分测试分析结果显示,髹漆材料为传统的中国大漆,红色漆膜呈色颜料为朱砂,织物材质可能为苎麻纤维,漆灰成分为SiO₂、NaAlSi₃O₈和Ca₈H₂(PO₄)₆H₂O等常见物质。上述研究结果说明,比较汉代“木侠纻”漆器工艺与“布胎”漆器,在髹漆材料、呈色颜料以及漆灰中矿物质成分等方面并无区别,仅在织物层的厚度所占胎体尺寸比例等方面有着明显差异。同时,本研究中发现“仅在木胎一侧贴附麻布”的做法与文献记载的“两麻布夹贴于木胎之上的木侠纻”工艺并不完全一致。 文章首次采用科技手段从制作材料、髹漆工艺等方面揭示了汉代“木侠纻”制作技术。事实上,从厚木胎斫制到薄木卷制成型,再到以布为胎,胎骨的变化见证了古代漆器水平的进化历程。从考古出土的漆卮、樽可以发现,薄木卷制而成的器型在两端的连接处仅依靠生漆或其他材料,其本身的结构并不牢固。古代漆工们为了防止木胎开裂,在接口处的木胎之上粘贴织物。这种借助于植物纤维的拉力增强木胎牢固性的技术即为“木侠纻”。当然,“木侠纻”工艺是否直接催生了“布胎”漆器还有待进一步讨论,但至少从传统手工业技术发展的规律可以进一步窥探两种工艺之间的借鉴或启示。时至今日,这种工艺在今天的家具、屏风制作中依然广泛使用。     

青海瞿昙寺壁画颜料的研究

通过对青海瞿昙寺画郎和建筑彩绘所用的22个绘画颜料样品的 x-射线衍射和同位素 x 荧光分析.共分析出20多种无机矿物颜料,此外.还有蓝钯、黄钯有机颜料。本文对这些颜料的分析结果进行丁综合论述.并与敦煌石窟、麦积山石窟、炳灵寺石窟等的彩绘颜料进行了研究。     

Evidence of hawking (falconry) from bird and mammal bones

This paper deals with the archaeozoological and archaeological evidence for hawking, or falconry. The methods and history of hawking in Europe are described, after which five types of evidence for hawking are discussed. These are illustrated with material from the Slavonic stronghold of Oldenburg in Ostholstein, in the north of Germany, dated to AD 750–1150. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电化学交流阻抗(EIS)在金属文物表面保护涂层性能评价中的应用综述

文物表面保护涂层性能的评价以及选择优异的涂层,是文物保护工作的一个重要环节。在涂层性能评价中,相较于湿热、酸碱浸泡、盐雾等传统的加速腐蚀老化实验方法,电化学交流阻抗技术(EIS)具有定量、快速、便捷、可直接应用于文物本体进行无损检测分析等优势。简要介绍了对交流阻抗的原理、实验方法和分析方法,并对其在金属文物表面保护涂层性能评价和筛选工作中的具体应用做出综述。