Structural power, agency and national liberation: the case of East Timor

The struggle for independence in East Timor, which came to fruition in 1999, illustrates both that agency can be exercised in ways that change social structures and that changing structural relations are necessary for the effective exercise of agency. This paper presents a basic Marxist theoretical framework for analysing structural power, contrasting this with the understanding of structure developed by structurationists. It then examines the Timorese independence struggle at two crucial turning points, showing how differing structural contexts enabled different outcomes at those turning points.     

文物建筑材质的研究与保存

古建筑建造中不少传统材料具有科学性与实用性,同时也有局限性,应探讨新材料如何与传统材料相结合。     

城市居民休闲生活满意度及其影响机制:以杭州为例

经典休闲满意度定义衡量的是个体在休闲活动过程中体验到的主观感受,实质上是休闲活动满意度,而不是个体对于其整个休闲生活状况的综合评价。文章因此提出了休闲生活满意度的概念,并以杭州为案例,对中国城市居民休闲生活满意度状况及其影响机制进行了探讨。研究发现,目前中国城市居民休闲生活满意度总体偏低。结构方程模型分析的结果表明:休闲时间、休闲参与频率、休闲活动满意度对休闲生活满意度都有一定正向影响,其中休闲时间、休闲参与频率的影响较大,而休闲活动满意度的影响较小。     

Precipitation of fracture fillings and cements in the Buntsandstein (NW Germany)

The relationship between fracturing and fracture filling in opening‐mode fractures in the Triassic Buntsandstein in the Lower Saxony Basin (LSB; NW Germany) has been studied by an integration of petrographic and structural analysis of core samples, strontium isotope analysis and microthermometry on fluid inclusions. This revealed the relationship between the timing of the fracturing and the precipitation of different mineral phases in the fractures by constraining the precipitation conditions and considering the possible fluid transport mechanisms. The core was studied from four different boreholes, located in different structural settings across the LSB. In the core samples from the four boreholes, fractures filled with calcite, quartz and anhydrite were found, in addition to pore‐filling calcite cementation. In boreholes 2 and 3, calcite‐filled fractures have a fibrous microstructure whereas in borehole 1, fractures are filled with elongate‐blocky calcite crystals. Anhydrite‐filled fractures have, in all samples, a blocky to elongate‐blocky microstructure. Fractures that are filled with quartz are observed in borehole 2 only where the quartz crystals are ‘stretched’ with an elongated habit. Fluid inclusion microthermometry of fracturing‐filling quartz crystals showed that quartz precipitation took place at temperatures of at least 140°C, from a fluid with NaCl–CaCl₂–H₂O composition. Melting phases are meta‐stable and suggest growth from high salinity formation water. Strontium isotopes, measured in leached host rock, indicate that, in boreholes 2 and 3, the fluid which precipitated the calcite cements and calcite‐filled fractures is most likely locally derived whereas in borehole 1, the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios from the pore‐filling cements and in the elongate‐blocky calcite‐filled fracture can only be explained by mixing with externally derived fluids. The elongate‐blocky anhydrite‐filled fractures, present in boreholes 1, 3 and 4, precipitated from a mixture of locally derived pore fluids and a significant quantity of fluid with a lower, less radiogenic, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio. Taking into account the structural evolution of the basin and accompanying salt tectonics, it is likely that the underlying Zechstein is a source for the less radiogenic fluids. Based on the samples in the LSB, it is probable that fibrous fracture fillings in sedimentary rocks most likely developed from locally derived pore fluids whereas elongate‐blocky fracture fillings with smooth walls developed from externally derived pore fluids.     

关于木构建筑遗迹考古发掘的几个问题

明了木构建筑遗存形式与埋藏条件、发掘过程的关系,以及木桩、木柱、柱洞、柱坑的概念,才能对木构建筑遗迹作出准确的判断,辨证、灵活地运用层位学原理对木构建筑遗迹进行考古发掘。     

Trees and shrubs: the use of wood in prehispanic Teotihuacan

Charcoal recovered from different archaeological excavations carried out in the Teotihuacan Valley, México was used to evaluate whether significant changes in the use of wood took place through time (approx. 400 B.C.–A.D. 1500). Sixteen taxa of trees and shrubs characteristic of the Basin of Mexico were identified (including Pinus, Quercus, Arbutus, Cupressaceae, Alnus, Prunus, Taxodium, Salix, Baccharis and Buddleia, among others). Variations in the proportions of taxa are interpreted as a reflection of the intensity of use rather than an indicator of deforestation. The analysis of the data shows a pattern of continuity in the utilization of taxa throughout the occupation. This includes the use of different vegetative parts (trunk and branches), genera and species with different life forms (trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants) and primary (Pinus and Quercus) as well as secondary taxa (Prunus and Arbutus). We propose that the inhabitants of the Teotihuacan Valley implemented practices to manage vegetation in order to assure resource availability in the region.     

微生物技术在文物保护中的应用研究述略

近年来,微生物技术作为一种新方法开始在文物保护中应用,并且受到越来越多国内外专家学者的重视。文物保护中应用的微生物技术可视为一种运用生物体来生成材料的科学与技术。构建“生物技术-文物保护”技术体系,运用微生物技术方法保护文物,有较好的应用前景。本文通过查阅国内外文献,简要概括了国内外微生物技术在各类材质文物保护中的研究现状。     

中国古建琉璃构件“粉状锈”之病变初探

琉璃构件是中国古代建筑中不可缺少的建筑材料,具有一定的功能性和艺术性.但因其长期处于露天环境之中,会产生釉面蜕变、开裂、脱落和胎体酥粉等多种病变.为了对琉璃构件的全面保护,对洛阳山陕会馆古建群琉璃构件进行了整体调查,发现部分构件釉面产生了一层亮绿色粉状物质,与青铜器粉状锈颜色非常相似,这是一种极其特殊的病变现象.为此,用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针及X射线衍射等分析手段对这种病变产物进行分析研究.结果表明,琉璃"粉状锈"的主要成分为PbSO4.它是大气中SO2与水分和琉璃釉面共同作用的结果.该病变的形成过程为釉面弱酸水膜的形成,釉中铅离子的溶出和铅的硫酸盐形成三大步骤.研究结果可为琉璃构件的进一步保护研究奠定基础.     

中国古建琉璃构件“粉状锈”之病变初探

琉璃构件是中国古代建筑中不可缺少的建筑材料,具有一定的功能性和艺术性。但因其长期处于露天环境之中,会产生釉面蜕变、开裂、脱落和胎体酥粉等多种病变。为了对琉璃构件的全面保护,对洛阳山陕会馆古建群琉璃构件进行了整体调查,发现部分构件釉面产生了一层亮绿色粉状物质,与青铜器粉状锈颜色非常相似,这是一种极其特殊的病变现象。为此,用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针及X射线衍射等分析手段对这种病变产物进行分析研究。结果表明,琉璃“粉状锈”的主要成分为PbSO4。它是大气中SO2与水分和琉璃釉面共同作用的结果。该病变的形成过程为:釉面弱酸水膜的形成,釉中铅离子的溶出和铅的硫酸盐形成三大步骤。研究结果可为琉璃构件的进一步保护研究奠定基础。     

Services in Russia: past,present, and future

In spite of ambitious modernization plans of the government, structural change in Russia is not proceeding in the direction of highly developed economies. Part of the lag in the tertiarization process can be explained by the fact that, as during the Soviet period, the role of services in the economy is still ignored, particularly regarding innovation. This paper aims to contribute to the analysis of the evolution of services in Russia since the mid-1990s and its future prospects by compiling data from the World Bank, the International Labor Organization, Rosstat, and the World Input–Output Database. Two complementary and novel perspectives are adopted: a production system perspective and a spatial perspective. Regarding services in the Russian production system, comparison of interindustry linkages reveals that, in addition to traditional relevant activities like wholesale/retail trade and transport and communications, business services are acquiring great importance as production process inputs. Concerning the spatial perspective, we observe a greater presence of non-market services in less densely populated federal districts, while strategic service activities are highly concentrated in the most dynamic ones. Analysis of major Russian cities confirmed the trend of business services concentrating in densely populated and highly innovative cities. In brief, services, and in particular business services, can be a means to boost innovation and growth in Russia, but more attention from political leaders is necessary for these activities. The modernization process should abandon its current “high-technology industry myopia” and take into consideration the innovative, and especially, the knowledge-diffuser role, that services can exert.